Prone Positioning for Testing Shoulder Internal and External Rotation on the Cybex II<sup>®</sup>Isokinetic Dynamometer

Falkel, Jeffrey E.; Murphy, Timothy C.; Murray, Thomas F.

doi:10.2519/jospt.1987.8.7.368

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Because about 80% of swimming practice time is spent performing freestyle, a prone testing position may be more suitable for swimmers. 30 Falkel et al 35 found that this test position provided useful results for isokinetic glenohumeral rotation in swimmers: swimmers' shoulder strength was greater in the prone position than in the supine position (P , .05). 35 Thus, this position may also result in higher values for the scapular muscles.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Training Programsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…30 Falkel et al 35 found that this test position provided useful results for isokinetic glenohumeral rotation in swimmers: swimmers' shoulder strength was greater in the prone position than in the supine position (P , .05). 35 Thus, this position may also result in higher values for the scapular muscles. However, further research is necessary to investigate the influence of different testing positions.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Training Programsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers

Velde

Mey

Maenhout

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Section: Evaluation Of Training Programsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Evaluation Of Training Programsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers

Velde

Mey

Maenhout

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…For this study, maximal isometric force production was tested for shoulder internal and external rotation with the participant lying prone and the shoulder abducted to 90°; this position has been recommended because swimmers are familiar with it and because it is comfortable and has the highest torque values. 11 Shoulder horizontal abduction strength was measured with the participant lying prone with the elbow extended, and shoulder elevation was measured with the participant standing in the empty-can position (90° of shoulder elevation in the scapular plane and internally rotated). Two repetitions of each test were performed, and an additional repetition was performed if the difference between the first 2 measurements was greater than 1.36 kg.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Tate

Turner

Knab

et al. 2012

Journal of Athletic Training

159

169

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Context:The prevalence of shoulder pain among competitive swimmers is high, but no guidelines exist to reduce shoulder injuries. Elucidating differences between swimmers with and without shoulder pain can serve as a basis for the development of a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction.Objective: To determine whether physical characteristics, exposure, or training variables differ between swimmers with and without shoulder pain or disability.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Multisite swimming centers. Patients or Other Participants:A total of 236 competitive female swimmers aged 8 to 77 years.Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed the Penn Shoulder Score and underwent testing of core endurance, range of motion, muscle force production, and pectoralis minor muscle length and the Scapular Dyskinesis Test. Swimmers were grouped by age for analysis: ages 8 to 11 years (n = 42), 12 to 14 years (n = 43), 15 to 19 years (high school, n = 84), and 23 to 77 years (masters, n = 67). Comparisons were made between groups with and without pain and disability using independent t tests for continuous data and χ 2 analyses and Fisher exact tests for categorical data.Results: Nine (21.4%) swimmers aged 8 to 11 years, 8 (18.6%) swimmers aged 12 to 14 years, 19 (22.6%) high school swimmers, and 13 (19.4%) masters swimmers had shoulder pain and disability. Differences that were found in 2 or more age groups between athletes with and without shoulder pain and disability included greater swimming exposure, a higher incidence of previous traumatic injury and patient-rated shoulder instability, and reduced participation in another sport in the symptomatic groups (P < .05). Reduced shoulder flexion motion, weakness of the middle trapezius and internal rotation, shorter pectoralis minor and latissimus, participation in water polo, and decreased core endurance were found in symptomatic females in single varying age groups (P < .05).Conclusions: Female competitive swimmers have shoulder pain and disability throughout their lives. Given that exposure and physical examination findings varied between athletes with and without substantial pain and disability, a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction appears warranted and might include exposure reduction, cross-training, pectoral and posterior shoulder stretching, strengthening, and core endurance training.Key Words: swimming, exposure variables, injury prevention Key Points• Competitive swimmers less than 12 years of age had substantial shoulder pain, and older swimmers had pain, dissatisfaction, and disability.• High school swimmers were the most symptomatic and incurred the greatest load in terms of hours swum per week and per year.• Shoulder pain, dissatisfaction, and disability were correlated positively with increased upper extremity usage in terms of swimming or water polo exposure and were correlated negatively with participation in another sport, specifically soccer for young and running or walk...

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“…Two tests were accomplished, one of which was an isokinetic shoulder test on a Contrex Multi Joint (CMV, Switzerland) [6]. This device allows combined measurements of force=torque and muscular activity (EMG).…”

Section: Testing Equipment and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Funktionelles Resultat und biomechanische Untersuchungen nach Tumor-Resektion im Bereich des Schultergürtels (Fallbericht)

et al. 2009

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Zusammenfassung. Grundlagen: Es wird ein 20-jähriger Mann vorgestellt, der wegen eines ausgedehnten Desmoidtumors im Schulterbereich marginal reseziert worden ist und intra-und postoperativ nachbestrahlt wurde.Methodik: Weite Teile des Schultergürtels waren von Tumorgewebe infiltriert weshalb der ventrale Teil des M. deltoideus, zwei Drittel des M. pectoralis major, der M. pectoralis minor, das Schlüsselbein und Teile der Kapsel des Schultergelenks entfernt wurden. Die Rekonstruktion der Muskelfunktion erfolgte durch einen gesplitteten M. latissimus dorsi, welcher mit Meshgraft bedeckt wurde.Ergebnisse: 3 Jahre postoperativ ist der Mann als Bäcker voll berufstätig, lediglich die Adduktion ist durch das Fehlen des Schlüsselbeins eingeschränkt. Am Institut für Sportwissenschaft wurde die globale Schulterfunktion gemessen und das klinisch gute Ergebnis bestätigt.Schlussfolgerungen: Ausgedehnte Tumorresektionen im Schulterbereich sind heute bei guter Planung und radikaler Durchführung der Operation mit einzeitiger Rekonstruktion und sehr früh postoperativ eingesetztem Rehabilitationsprogramm möglich. Sportmedizinische Messungen der globalen Schulterfunktion können zur Optimierung des Rehabilitationsprogramms wertvolle Hinweise liefern. Schlüsselwörter: Tumor, Schultergü rtel, Rekonstruktion, gesplitteter M. latissimus dorsi-Lappen, funktionelles Ergebnis, biomechanische Untersuchungen. Summary. Background: A 20-year-old male with a large extra-abdominal fibromatosis of the left shoulder girdle underwent marginal tumor resection, postopoperative radiation therapy and reconstruction with a split latissimus dorsi flap.Methods: Owing to the tumor involving major parts of the shoulder girdle, the clavicular part of the deltoideus and cranial parts of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscle, parts of the coracobrachial muscle, the clavicle and the coracoid process had to be resected. The reconstruction of the different muscles was performed with a split latissimus dorsi muscle (LD) covered with mesh graft. The LD flap was chosen for its size, ability for compartmentalization, arc of rotation, vascularization and innervation and minimal donor-site morbidity. Owing to the marginal resection of the tumor, intra-and postoperative radiation therapy followed.Results: The patient has regained excellent function in his left upper extremity and is able to continue his profession as a baker with the exception of adduction being weaker than the contralateral side caused by the missing clavicle.Conclusions: The transfer of a split latissimus dorsi muscle is an effective procedure to cover defects and restore muscles with different function after extended tumor resection in the region of the shoulder girdle. The functional outcome is excellent and measurements by sport scientists are able to gain valuable results for optimizing the rehabilitation program.

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Prone Positioning for Testing Shoulder Internal and External Rotation on the Cybex II^®Isokinetic Dynamometer

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers

Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Funktionelles Resultat und biomechanische Untersuchungen nach Tumor-Resektion im Bereich des Schultergürtels (Fallbericht)

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Prone Positioning for Testing Shoulder Internal and External Rotation on the Cybex II®Isokinetic Dynamometer

Cited by 19 publications

References 1 publication

Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers

Scapular-Muscle Performance: Two Training Programs in Adolescent Swimmers

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Funktionelles Resultat und biomechanische Untersuchungen nach Tumor-Resektion im Bereich des Schultergürtels (Fallbericht)

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Prone Positioning for Testing Shoulder Internal and External Rotation on the Cybex II^®Isokinetic Dynamometer