Promotion of seed production in Douglas-fir grafts by girdling + gibberellin A4/7 stem injection, and effect of retreatment

Ross, Stephen; Bower, R. C.

doi:10.1007/bf00037548

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Orchard survival might have been greater, and treatment differences lower, if the orchards were irrigated. If flower-stimulating treatments are used in young orchards, irrigation and fertilization are recommended to partially mitigate the physiological stresses caused by the treatments themselves or by the subsequent cone crops (Ross and Bower 1991).…”

Section: Carryover and Adverse Effects On Tree Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower stimulation in young miniaturized seed orchards of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Cherry¹,

Anekonda²,

Albrecht³

et al. 2007

Can. J. For. Res.

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We studied flower stimulation in two young miniaturized seed orchards of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) in Oregon. In experiment 1, female and male flowering were substantially enhanced when the trees were treated 2–4 years after grafting with stem girdling plus stem-injected gibberellin A4/7 (GA 0.25× rate = ProCone(tm) at 0.084 µL·mm–2 scion cross-sectional area). Comparable results were obtained the following year when the same trees were retreated with 1× GA. In experiment 2, female and male flowering were significantly enhanced when 3-year-old trees were treated with girdling plus either 1× GA, 1.5× GA, or 2× GA. Some treatments had higher mortality and less height growth than the control in the year of cone development. We recommend using a combination of girdling and 1× GA biennially once trees are large enough to produce large per-hectare seed yields and withstand the stress of flower stimulation. At the study orchards, this seems to be about 5 years postgrafting, just before the sixth growing season. Yields were estimated to be 272 963 seeds·ha–1 at age 4 years, or 143 095 seeds·ha–1 annually with stimulation occurring every 2 years. Yields should increase as orchards age, with full stocking, and with higher planting densities.

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Section: Carryover and Adverse Effects On Tree Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower stimulation in young miniaturized seed orchards of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Cherry¹,

Anekonda²,

Albrecht³

et al. 2007

Can. J. For. Res.

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“…The PGR of choice is gibberellic acid (GA, usually as a mixture of GA 4 and GA 7 ) that has been successfully used to induce cone bud formation in many conifers, including Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) (McMullan 1980, Pharis et al 1980, Ross 1983, Pharis 1991, Ross and Bower 1991. Other plant hormones applied with a GA treatment can also affect cone bud induction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes in concentrations of auxin, cytokinin, ABA and selected metabolites in multiple genotypes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) during a growing season

et al. 2008

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Changes in concentrations of several endogenous phytohormones and metabolites were analyzed in the long shoots of nine genotypes of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) at five developmental stages: (1) closed buds, (2) flushing buds, (3) rapidly elongating shoots, (4) growing shoots and (5) near full-length shoots during one growing season. When averaged across genotypes, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration was high at stages 1 and 3. The only pattern that correlated with cone productivity was the one that was unique to IAA, in which high concentrations at stages 3 and 4 were found in all genotypes with high female cone productivity. Concentrations of isopentenyl adenosine (iPA) decreased and zeatin riboside (ZR) concentrations increased as the buds initiated and differentiated; ZR was 30 and 28 ng g(-1) dry weight (DW) at stages 1 and 4, respectively, before increasing to 166 ng g(-1) DW at stage 5. Isopentenyl adenosine peaked at 92 ng g(-1) DW at stage 2 and declined to low concentrations at stages 4 and 5. Zeatin-O-glucoside was 30 ng g(-1) DW at stage 1, declined at stages 2 and 3 and increased at stages 4 and 5. High abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations were positively correlated with rapid shoot elongation (stages 1 and 2), but as growth slowed and terminated, ABA concentrations decreased. Abscisic acid was 7 microg g(-1) DW at stage 1, increased to 13 microg g(-1) DW at stage 2 and then declined. The glucosyl ester (GE) of ABA decreased rapidly in early summer, and increased inversely with an increase in ABA. Between stages 1 and 2, ABA-GE decreased from 10 to 0.2 microg g(-1) DW and then increased. Of the ABA catabolites studied, 7'-hydroxy-ABA was about 2 microg g(-1) DW at stage 1, declined at stages 2 and 3 and increased at stages 4 and 5; phaseic acid concentrations were low at all stages, whereas dihydrophaseic acid was detected only at stages 4 and 5.

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“…As labor costs increase and forest managers seek other methods to alter stand density, especially in dense or wind-sensitive stands, girdling offers silviculture an interesting alternative to thinning (Japan Forest Agency 2007; Reque and Bravo 2007). Many studies have investigated the effects of girdling on physiological properties (Domec and Pruyn 2008), reproductive maturation (Ebell 1971), and cone production (Ross and Bower 1991). Often, girdling is assumed to influence only the carbon status and not the water status (Daudet et al 2005;Murakami et al 2008), and no regard is given to the effects of girdling on water relations of girdled trees (De Schepper and Steppe 2011;Black et al 2012;Hubbard et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Girdling and tree death: lessons fromChamaecyparis pisifera

et al. 2014

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To investigate the effects of girdling on the water relation of trees, we measured a number of water-status parameters and morphological features following trunk and branch girdling of Chamaecyparis pisifera Siebold & Zucc. Girdling caused a marked reduction in the water-conduction area of the trunk cross section at the girdled part. Some girdled trees generated intense acoustic emissions (AE), simultaneously decreased leaf water potentials (LWP), and then died within 1 year. However, others lived for more than 2 years after girdling. In these survivors, the water-conduction area of the trunk cross section was reduced but not entirely blocked, and LWP decreases did not occur. Consequently, we conclude that girdling affects xylem water conductivity and sometimes causes short-term (within 1 year) tree death by blocking water uptake from soil to leaves. The results of this study on whether tree death from girdling occurs sooner or later could be important in the use of girdling for thinning management.Résumé : Pour étudier les effets de l'annélation sur les relations hydriques chez les arbres, nous avons mesuré quelques paramètres du bilan hydrique et des caractéristiques morphologiques après l'annélation de branches et du tronc de Chamaecyparis pisifera Siebold & Zucc. L'annélation a réduit de façon marquée la portion de la section radiale du tronc conductrice d'eau dans la partie annelée. Certains arbres annelés ont générés d'intenses émissions acoustiques, ont vu diminuer simultanément le potentiel hydrique foliaire et sont ensuite morts en dedans d'un an. D'autres cependant ont vécu pendant plus de deux ans après avoir été annelés. Chez ces survivants, la portion de la section radiale du tronc conductrice d'eau a été réduite mais pas entièrement bloquée et le potentiel hydrique foliaire n'a pas diminué. Conséquemment, nous concluons que l'annélation affecte la conductivité hydraulique du xylème et cause quelques fois la mort des arbres rapidement en bloquant le transport de l'eau du sol vers les feuilles. Les résultats de cette étude pour savoir si la mort des arbres causée par l'annélation survient rapidement ou non pourraient être importants si on voulait utiliser l'annélation pour pratiquer une éclaircie. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Promotion of seed production in Douglas-fir grafts by girdling + gibberellin A4/7 stem injection, and effect of retreatment

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Flower stimulation in young miniaturized seed orchards of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Flower stimulation in young miniaturized seed orchards of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Dynamic changes in concentrations of auxin, cytokinin, ABA and selected metabolites in multiple genotypes of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) during a growing season

Girdling and tree death: lessons fromChamaecyparis pisifera

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