Promotion of Psychological Well-Being and Life Satisfaction in Pre-Adolescents Through Mindfulness Amidst COVID-19

Abstract

Objectives Mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) seem to be a popular way to develop pre-adolescents’ regulation abilities, psychological health, and life satisfaction, especially in difficult times. However, research into the effects of MBPs and factors influencing their effectiveness is still scarce and mixed. In the interest of understanding how MBPs can effectively be used to enhance pre-adolescents’ regulation abilities, psychological health, and life satisfaction, this study aimed (a) to analyze and compare the effects of two 16-week-MBPs with different implementation dosages and (b) to evaluate the moderating role of participants characteristics on MBP effects. Method During the COVID pandemic, we conducted this quasi-experimental study, in which we compared three groups of Portuguese sixth graders (n = 105): daily MBP group (one long plus four short lessons per week), weekly MBP group (one long lesson per week), and a control group receiving socioemotional instruction. In particular, we examined MBP effects on attentional control, emotion regulation, psychological distress, and life satisfaction. Also, we evaluated the moderating role of participants’ gender, age, socioeconomic status, and baseline status on these effects. Results In comparison to the other groups, the daily MBP showed lower expressive suppression and stress symptoms as well as higher life satisfaction. Moreover, both MBP groups reported greater cognitive reappraisal than the control group. While the effects of MBPs on emotion regulation were found to be moderated by gender, age, and baseline expressive suppression, no additional moderating effects were observed. Conclusions These findings support the perspective that MBPs can serve as a broad preventive strategy, effectively promoting pre-adolescents’ psychological health and life satisfaction during challenging times. Preregistration This study is not preregistered.