Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review

Ogilvie, David; Egan, Matt; Hamilton, Val; Petticrew, Mark

doi:10.1136/bmj.38216.714560.55

Cited by 337 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…All evaluations required a number of assumptions in terms of effectiveness, including those evaluating implemented interventions. Whilst it is recognised that the collection of high quality evidence of effectiveness in this area is challenging (20,48,78,79), this highlights the importance of incorporating rigorous and comprehensive evaluation programs into interventions prior to implementation. There is enormous variety in the structure, form and purpose of transport related interventions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of economic analyses of active transport interventions that include physical activity benefits

et al. 2016

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Physical inactivity is one of the leading causes for the growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases worldwide and there is a need for more evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions that aim to increase physical activity at the population level. This study aimed to update a systematic review published in 2008 by searching peer-reviewed and unpublished literature of economic evaluations of transport interventions that incorporate the health related effects of physical activity. Our analysis of methods for the inclusion of physical activity related health effects into transport appraisal over time demonstrates that methodological progress has been made. Thirtysix studies were included, reflecting an increasing recognition of the importance of incorporating these health effects into transport appraisal. However, significant methodological challenges in the incorporation of wider health benefits into transport appraisal still e xist. The inclusion of physical activity related health effects is currently limited by paucity of evidence on morbidity effects and of more rigorous evidence on the effectiveness of interventions. Significant scope exists for better quality and more transparent reporting. A more consistent approach to the inclusion of benefits and disbenefits would reinforce the synergies between the health, environmental, transport and other sectors. From a transport sector perspective the inclusion of physical activi ty related health benefits positively impacts cost effectiveness, with the potential to contribute to a more efficient allocation of scarce resources based on a more comprehensive range of merits. From a public health perspective the inclusion of physical activity related health benefits may result in the funding of more interventions that promote active transport, with the potential to improve population levels of physical activity and to reduce prevalence of physical activity related diseases. KeywordsActive transport, economic evaluation, physical activity IntroductionPhysical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for mortality worldwide (1) and is one of the main contributors to the global burden of non-communicable diseases. Physical inactivity increases the risk of many adverse health conditions, including obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, breast and colon cancer, diabetes, dementia and depression (2-4). Rates of physical inactivity are high worldwide, with technological progress meaning that we now spend less energy in our everyday lives than our predecessors (5, 6). Coupled with the fact that we also have more access to energy dense foods, this constitutes increasingly obesogenic environments requiring ecological solutions (7-9). In order to 2 address the observed low levels of physical activity across populations, it is widely recognised that the incorporation of more incidental physical activity into everyday life is required through environmental, social, cultural and behavioural approaches (10).Active forms of transport, such as...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of economic analyses of active transport interventions that include physical activity benefits

et al. 2016

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“…While the PRISMA statement was primarily designed for the synthesis of randomized trials, it can also be adopted for other types of studies, including those that examine the relationship between environments and physical activity [37]. However, with few exceptions [12,38], literature reviews about environments and physical activity did not refer to or follow the QUORUM or PRISMA statements. Protocols and final results of systematic reviews with health-related outcomes should be registered with PROSPERO (established in 2011), the international database for systematic reviews in this field of research (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO/) [39].…”

Section: Strength Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An assessment of study quality allows the reader to examine results stratified by their quality and their effects. Though many literature reviews about built environments and physical activity have used the label 'systematic review' [11-15, 27, 29-31, 42-46], few assessed the quality of the primary studies [12,15,38,43]. Tools for the assessment of the quality and validity of intervention studies have been suggested [41].…”

Section: Strength Of Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, another criterion in guidelines for systematic reviews is that authors of literature reviews should search for grey literature [33,41,55]. However, with few exceptions [14,15,38,56,57], reviews on environments and physical activity only included articles from peer-reviewed journals. Sources of grey literature could be found through databases such as PsycEXTRA (http://www.apa.org/psycextra), Open Grey (http://www.…”

Section: Publication Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving Current Practice in Reviews of the Built Environment and Physical Activity

et al. 2014

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Over the last decade, there has been a marked increase in studies about built environments and physical activity. As the number of publications is growing rapidly, literature reviews play an important role in identifying primary studies and in synthesizing their findings. However, many of the reviews of effectiveness in this field demonstrate methodological limitations that might lead to inaccurate portrayals of the evidence. Some literature reviews a priori excluded intervention studies even though they provide the strongest level of evidence. The label 'systematic review' has mostly been used inappropriately. One of the major criteria of a systematic review that is hardly ever met is that the quality of the primary studies needs to be assessed and this should be reflected in the synthesis, presentation and interpretation of results. With few exceptions, 'systematic' reviews about environments and physical activity did not refer to or follow the QUO-RUM or PRISMA statements. This commentary points out the usefulness of the PRISMA statement to standardize the reporting of methodology of reviews and provides additional guidance to limit sources of bias in them. The findings and recommendations from this article can help in moving forward the synthesis of evidence of effectiveness not only in built environments and physical activity, but also more broadly in exercise science and public health. Key PointsMany reviews about built environments and physical activity have methodological limitations.The label 'systematic review' has mostly been used inappropriately.The PRISMA statement is useful to standardize the reporting of methodology and limit bias in systematic reviews of effectiveness.

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“…We considered devising a common outcome metric for interpretational purposes, similar to a previous review focusing on interventions promoting one particular behaviour, walking. 32 Although the studies included in this review assessed walking in different ways, it is a relatively homogeneous behaviour. In contrast, physical activity is more complex and consists of various domains, making it difficult to compare the results of the various measures used to assess this behaviour or particular sub-domains (for example, during breaks, out of school).…”

Section: Data Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials

Reading

2008

Child

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Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: systematic review

Cited by 337 publications

References 11 publications

A systematic review of economic analyses of active transport interventions that include physical activity benefits

A systematic review of economic analyses of active transport interventions that include physical activity benefits

Improving Current Practice in Reviews of the Built Environment and Physical Activity

Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials

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