Promoting Precision Addiction Management (PAM) to Combat the Global Opioid Crisis

Blum, Kenneth; Modestino, Edward J.; Neary, Jennifer L.; Gondré–Lewis, Marjorie C.; Siwicki, David; Moran, Mark; Hauser, Mary; Braverman, Eric R.; Baron, David; Steinberg, Bruce; Laughlin, Thomas Mc; Badgaiyan, Rajendra D.

doi:10.26717/bjstr.2018.02.000738

Cited by 60 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, our finding is higher when compared to findings from other countries such as Solomon Islands, 19.2% [ 15 ], Fiji, 18.5% [ 16 ], Germany 10.5% [ 6 ], Nigeria 13.3% [ 17 ], Cameroon 17.8% [ 18 ] and Dabat 9.3% [ 19 ]. But it is lower than from the finding of the studies conducted in India, 90.1% [ 20 ] and Pakistan, 38.15% [ 21 ], and Illu Aba Bora zone (63.5%) [ 22 ]. This discrepancy might be due to the presence of different water, hygiene and sanitation facilities in those countries and might also be related with the difference in sample size, study time, level of awareness and health seeking behavior across these populations, examined population, and the examination method (clinical or microscopic).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Scabies and its associated factors among under 15 year´s children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia, 2019

2020

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Introduction scabies is a contagious ectoparasite of the skin. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis that causes a pruritic skin eruption. It was estimated that more than 300 million cases of scabies occur worldwide every year. It remains one of the commonest skin diseases seen in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to determine scabies prevalence and its associated factors among less than 15 years children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia. Methods community based cross-sectional study was conducted on 583 participants from January 30 th to February 28 th 2019. Multistage sampling technique was used and data were collected using pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. SPSS version 23.0 was used for analysis and bivariable logistic regression was computed and variables having p < 0.25 was modelled in multi-variable logistic regression to control confounders. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results the prevalence of scabies infestation was 23.8% in Wadila district. Not using of soap when taking shower [AOR=2.93 (95% CI:1.72-5.00)], using unimproved water source [AOR=1.82 (95% CI:1.04-3.16)], sharing clothes from scabies cases [AOR=10.10 (95% CI: 3.37-30.23)], uncleaning of the house every day [AOR=2.28 (95% CI: 1.32-3.95)], presence of pet animals at home [AOR= 3.01(95% CI: 1.66-5.45)] and went to epidemic areas of scabies [AOR= 4.09 (95% CI: 2.37-7.06) were predictors of scabies infestation. Conclusion there was higher prevalence of scabies infestation in Wadila district. Therefore, special attention should be given to under 15 years children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Scabies and its associated factors among under 15 year´s children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia, 2019

2020

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“…While more research would be beneficial, let us at least initiate acceptable guidelines that include the understanding of RDS as an umbrella term for all addictive-type behaviors. Understanding the neurogenetics, as pointed out in the scientific community, and utilizing a more customized ‘systems biology’ approach (Precision Addiction Management) as outlined herein, seems most prudent and represents a step forward in the recovery process of the many millions of those afflicted with RDS globally [ 61 ]. A biphasic approach may be a good alternative: a short-term blockage followed by long-term dopaminergic upregulation.…”

Section: Biphasic Approach To Addiction Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Precision Approach to Overcome the “Addiction Pandemic” by Incorporating Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) and Dopamine Homeostasis Restoration

Blum

Kazmi

Modestino

et al. 2021

JPM

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This article describes a unique therapeutic precision intervention, a formulation of enkephalinase inhibitors, enkephalin, and dopamine-releasing neuronutrients, to induce dopamine homeostasis for detoxification and treatment of individuals genetically predisposed to developing reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). The formulations are based on the results of the addiction risk severity (GARS) test. Based on both neurogenetic and epigenetic evidence, the test evaluates the presence of reward genes and risk alleles. Existing evidence demonstrates that the novel genetic risk testing system can successfully stratify the potential for developing opioid use disorder (OUD) related risks or before initiating opioid analgesic therapy and RDS risk for people in recovery. In the case of opioid use disorders, long-term maintenance agonist treatments like methadone and buprenorphine may create RDS, or RDS may have been in existence, but not recognized. The test will also assess the potential for benefit from medication-assisted treatment with dopamine augmentation. RDS methodology holds a strong promise for reducing the burden of addictive disorders for individuals, their families, and society as a whole by guiding the restoration of dopamine homeostasisthrough anti-reward allostatic neuroadaptations. WC 175

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“…These data and other analyses of GARS have allowed for the current utilization of precise genetic guided therapy coined “Precision Addiction Management” (PAM®) [ 20 ]. Simply, “Precision Addiction Management” (PAM®) uses the GARS to customize KB220PAM [ 21 ] formulations to deliver putative dopamine homeostasis based on developed algorithms matched to polymorphic results. To date there have been 42 published studies on KB220 related to many RDS behaviors [ 22 ].…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We are proposing herein that a new model for the prevention and treatment of RDS behaviors based on objective biologic evidence should be given serious consideration in the face of a drug epidemic [ 2 ]. Currently, research directed toward improving treatment for highly drug-dependent patients in underserved populations represents one example of adoption of this bold concept and is under study through a NIH grant [ 3 ]. The grant explores utilization of the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) and the neuronutrient pro-dopamine regulator KB220.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotechnical development of genetic addiction risk score (GARS) and selective evidence for inclusion of polymorphic allelic risk in substance use disorder (SUD)

Blum

Bowirrat

Baron

et al. 2020

J Syst Integr Neurosci

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Research into the neurogenetic basis of addiction identified and characterized by Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) includes all drug and non-drug addictive, obsessive and compulsive behaviors. We are proposing herein that a new model for the prevention and treatment of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) a subset of RDS behaviors, based on objective biologic evidence, should be given serious consideration in the face of a drug epidemic. The development of the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) followed seminal research in 1990, whereby, Blum’s group identified the first genetic association with severe alcoholism published in JAMA. While it is true that no one to date has provided adequate RDS free controls there have been many studies using case –controls whereby SUD has been eliminated. We argue that this deficiency needs to be addressed in the field and if adopted appropriately many spurious results would be eliminated reducing confusion regarding the role of genetics in addiction. However, an estimation, based on these previous literature results provided herein, while not representative of all association studies known to date, this sampling of case- control studies displays significant associations between alcohol and drug risk. In fact, we present a total of 110,241 cases and 122,525 controls derived from the current literature. We strongly suggest that while we may take argument concerning many of these so-called controls (e.g. blood donors) it is quite remarkable that there are a plethora of case –control studies indicating selective association of these risk alleles ( measured in GARS) for the most part indicating a hypodopaminergia. The paper presents the detailed methodology of the GARS. Data collection procedures, instrumentation, and the analytical approach used to obtain GARS and subsequent research objectives are described. Can we combat SUD through early genetic risk screening in the addiction field enabling early intervention by the induction of dopamine homeostasis? It is envisaged that GARS type of screening will provide a novel opportunity to help identify causal pathways and associated mechanisms of genetic factors, psychological characteristics, and addictions awaiting additional scientific evidence including a future meta- analysis of all available data –a work in progress.

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Promoting Precision Addiction Management (PAM) to Combat the Global Opioid Crisis

Cited by 60 publications

References 18 publications

Scabies and its associated factors among under 15 year´s children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia, 2019

Scabies and its associated factors among under 15 year´s children in Wadila district, Northern Ethiopia, 2019

A Novel Precision Approach to Overcome the “Addiction Pandemic” by Incorporating Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) and Dopamine Homeostasis Restoration

Biotechnical development of genetic addiction risk score (GARS) and selective evidence for inclusion of polymorphic allelic risk in substance use disorder (SUD)

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