Promoting Large-Area Slot-Die-Coated Perovskite Solar Cell Performance and Reproducibility by Acid-Based Sulfono-γ-AApeptide

Abstract

Homogeneous and pinhole-free large-area perovskite films are required to realize the commercialization of perovskite modules and panels. Various large-area perovskite coatings were developed; however, at their film coating and drying stages, many defects were formed on the perovskite surface. Consequently, not only the devices lost substantial performance but also their long-term stability deteriorated. Here, we fabricated a compact and uniform large-area MAPbI 3 -perovskite film by a slot-die coater at room temperature (T) and at high relative humidity (RH) up to 40%. The control slot-diecoated perovskite solar cell (PSC) produced 1.082 V open-circuit voltage (V oc ), 24.09 mA cm −2 short current density (J sc ), 71.13% fill factor (FF), and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.54%. We systematically employed a multi-functional artificial amino acid (F-LYS-S) to modify the perovskite defects. Such amino acids are more inclined to bind and adhere to the perovskite defects. The amino, carbonyl, and carboxy functional groups of F-LYS-S interacted with MAPbI 3 through Lewis acid−base interaction and modified iodine vacancies significantly. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the C�O group of F-LYS-S interacted with the uncoordinated Pb 2+ ions, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the lone pair of −NH 2 coordinated with the uncoordinated Pb 2+ and consequently modified the I − vacancies remarkably. As a result, the F-LYS-S-modified device demonstrated more than three-fold charge recombination resistance, which is one of the primary requirements to fabricate high-performance PSCs. Therefore, the device fabricated employing F-LYS-S demonstrated remarkable PCE of 21.08% with superior photovoltaic parameters of 1.104 V V oc , 24.80 mA cm −2 J sc , and 77.00%. FF. Concurrently, the long-term stability of the PSCs was improved by the F-LYS-S post-treatment, where the modified device retained ca. 89.6% of its initial efficiency after storing for 720 h in air (T ∼ 27 °C and RH ∼ 50−60%).

Eco‐Friendly Solvent Engineered CsPbI2.77Br0.23 Ink for Large‐Area and Scalable High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The device fabrication procedures and fitting equations were adopted from the literature. [26] The trap density was calculated using Equation (3).…”

“…Device Fabrication: The FTO patterning and cleaning protocol, [32,[34][35][36][37] and c-TiO 2 layer preparation were adopted from previous literature. [16,26] 0.8 m CsPbI 2.77 Br 0.23 perovskite inks were prepared by mixing 0.208 g CsI, 0.208 g DMAI, 0.306 g PbI 2 , and 0.050 g PbBr 2 with various compositions of eco-friendly solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO = D), acetonitrile (ACN = A), and 2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME = M). A total of 21 perovskite precursor solutions were prepared.…”

“…Film/Device Characterizations: XRD, 2D-GIWAXS, FTIR, UPS, XPS, UV-vis absorption, PL, TRPL, Kelvin probe force microscopy KPFM, CPD, MPP, EIS, and SEM were employed to study the structural, morphological, and optoelectrical properties of the CsPbI 2.77 Br 0.23 films following the previous works. [26,32] Current density-voltage (J-V) and EQE of the perovskite devices were recorded using the same equipment and conditions employed in a previous work. [35] The active area of the devices was 0.1 cm 2 .…”

“…[12,24] The perovskite solution based on highly volatile ACN formed a black perovskite layer without any post-treatment at room temperature due to fast nucleation and crystal growth. [16,[24][25][26] Recently, efficient large-area MAPbI 3 -based PSCs were fabricated by N 2 -knife assisted blade coater by mixing non-coordinating and volatile solvents with coordinating and non-volatile solvents. [14] The perovskite precursor is generally considered a colloid solution and the colloid nature determines the perovskite film quality and optoelectrical properties.…”

Fabrication of a Water-Stripped Free-Standing Silver Nanowire Network as the Top Electrode for Perovskite Solar Cells

“…These cells have achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.1%, which is comparable to that of single-crystal Si solar cells and surpasses both multicrystalline Si solar cells and Cu­(In,Ga)­Se 2 -based (CIGS) solar cells . Despite these achievements, the development of PSCs with high PCE, low fabrication cost, environmentally friendly materials, long-term stability, and large light-absorbing area, as well as their integration into flexible and sustainable devices, still presents a challenge and has recently emerged as a popular research area. − One critical aspect for commercial applications is the fabrication process. Most studies reported in the literature employ thermal evaporation to prepare the top metallic electrodes of PSCs, which require a vacuum atmosphere.…”