“…Despite efforts to expand and rigorously evaluate research-supported parenting interventions among children in foster care, most randomized studies have investigated interventions that targeted: (1) foster parents (Dozier, Peloso, Lewis, Laurenceau, & Levine, 2008; Leve et al, 2012; Mersky, Topitzes, Grant-Savela, Brondino, & McNeil, 2016; Price et al, 2008), (2) biological parents who were selected with various criteria but may or may not have had their children in foster care (e.g., confirmed physical abuse, involvement with head start and a history of child welfare reports; Bernard et al, 2012; Chaffin, Funderburk, Bard, Valle, & Gurwitch, 2011; Chaffin et al, 2004; Hurlburt, Nguyen, Reid, Webster-Stratton, & Zhang, 2013), or (3) biological parents whose children had already reunified with them (DeGarmo, Reid, Fetrow, Fisher, & Antoine, 2013; Oxford, Marcenko, Fleming, Lohr, & Spieker, 2016). Indeed, few parenting interventions have been tested with biological parents while their children were still in foster care (Linares, Montalto, Li, & Oza, 2006).…”