Promoter sequences required for transcription of Xenopus laevis histone genes in injected frog oocyte nuclei.

Heindl, L M; Weil, T S; Perry, M

doi:10.1128/mcb.8.9.3676

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…(3) A single copy of the U1 snRNA gene repeat containing the U1b1 and U1b2 genes (Lund et al 1987) was used because amphibian coiled bodies contain minor amounts of the U1 snRNA (Wu et al 1991); additionally the U1 snRNA injection serves as a control for characteristics shared by the U7 snRNA and other U snRNAs. Previous work has shown that genes with functional promoters are transcribed when injected into oocyte nuclei (Trendelenburg and Gurdon 1978;Bakken et al 1979;Lund et al 1987;Heindl et al 1988). To test whether the newly transcribed U1 and U7 snRNAs were being assembled into snRNP complexes, cell extracts from oocytes injected with [α-32 P]GTP and either the U1 or U7 gene cluster, or from control oocytes injected with [α-32 P]GTP alone were immunoprecipitated with mAb Y12, which binds to the snRNP complexes but not to naked snRNAs (Lerner et al 1981).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of coiled body-like structures in Xenopus oocytes by U7 snRNA

Tuma

Roth

1999

Chromosoma

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The coiled bodies, or "sphere organelles," of amphibian oocytes, first identified by their unique morphology, are large structures of up to 10 microm in diameter. There are 40 to 120 coiled bodies per oocyte nucleus. Most of the coiled bodies are in the nucleoplasm but a few are attached to specific chromosomal loci containing the histone gene repeats. Like the coiled bodies of somatic cells, they contain high concentrations of U7 snRNA, a small nuclear RNA required for 3' end formation of histone transcripts, and of a unique protein called coilin/SPH-1. We show here that increasing the nuclear concentration of U7 snRNA, by injection of either in vitro synthesized U7 snRNA or functional U7 snRNA genes, induces the formation of coiled body-like structures in vivo. In contrast, the formation of these structures is not induced when either a promoterless U7 snRNA gene construct is injected or when functional U7 snRNA genes are co-injected with alpha-amanitin. Increasing the concentration of U1 snRNA or histone mRNA does not induce the formation of these structures, indicating that the formation of these coiled body-like structures is specifically induced by the U7 snRNA. These results suggest that U7 snRNA may be a central nucleating factor of coiled bodies and that the appearance of coiled bodies at histone gene loci results from an increased local concentration of U7 snRNA near the nascent histone pre-mRNAs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of coiled body-like structures in Xenopus oocytes by U7 snRNA

Tuma

Roth

1999

Chromosoma

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“…To examine the activity of the octamer motif in the context of the intact H2A-H2B gene pair, transcription of promoters containing single and double mutations was analyzed as previously described (16), except that the H2A gene and the H2A-proximal portion of the intergenic region were included (Fig. 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exonuclease deletions and site-specific mutations were prepared as described elsewhere (19). The histone H1, H2A, and H2B constructs used in this study contain a synthetic, in-frame linker (EcoRI for H2A and H2B and BamHI for H1) within their coding regions to allow transcripts from injected templates to be distinguished from endogenous mRNAs (16). To prepare 5Ј deletions, linker-scanning mutants were digested at the Asp 718 site that was generated by linker scanning mutagenesis and an upstream site (BamHI for H2A and SalI for H2B).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of the CCAAT Displacement Protein with Shared Regulatory Elements Required for Transcription of Paired Histone Genes

El‐Hodiri

Perry

1995

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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The H2A and H2B genes of the Xenopus xlh3 histone gene cluster are transcribed in opposite directions from initiation points located approximately 235 bp apart. The close proximity of these genes to one another suggests that their expression may be controlled by either a single bidirectional promoter or by separate promoters. Our analysis of the transcription of histone gene pairs containing deletions and site-specific mutations of intergenic DNA revealed that both promoters are distinct but that they overlap physically and share multiple regulatory elements, providing a possible basis for the coordinate regulation of their in vivo activities. Using the intergenic DNA fragment as a probe and extracts from mammalian and amphibian cells, we observed the formation of a specific complex containing the CCAAT displacement protein (CDP). The formation of the CDP-containing complex was not strictly dependent on any single element in the intergenic region but instead required the presence of at least two of the three CCAAT motifs. Interestingly, similar CDP-containing complexes were formed on the promoters from the three other histone genes. The binding of CDP to histone gene promoters may contribute to the coordination of their activities during the cell cycle and early development.Histone genes are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells, usually in a cell cycle-specific manner, resulting in the accumulation of equimolar amounts of the nucleosome core histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. In most cell types, histone protein and RNA synthesis are primarily restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle and require ongoing DNA synthesis (for reviews, see references 17, 18, 26, and 30). Histone gene expression is regulated by both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. In cycling cells, transcription of members of each of the five histone gene classes is coordinately activated upon entry into S phase and is then extinguished at the end of the DNA replication period. Histone gene promoters have no obvious transcription factor-binding motifs in common, aside from TATA and CCAAT motifs, leading to the idea that coordinate histone gene transcription is not regulated through the action of a single, common cis-acting element (17, 30). Regulatory elements and trans-acting factors responsible for basal transcription and S-phase-specific transcription of human H1, H2B, and H4 genes have been identified. An H1 subtypespecific element and a CCAAT motif required for S phasespecific transcription of the H1 promoter interact with distinct factors (13). Activation of H2B and H4 gene transcription during S phase is thought to require the interaction of positiveacting factors with H2B and H4 subtype-specific cis-acting elements (reviewed in reference 17).Histone gene transcription is usually restricted to S phase of the cell cycle, although examples of non-cell cycle-regulated expression of histone gene subclasses are known. Many organisms have distinct sets of histone genes that are transcribed independently of DNA replication (for...

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“…The histone genes used in these studies contain synthetic in-frame linkers that allow transcripts from the exogenous genes to be distinguished from those of the endogenous genes (18). All of the H2B mutant templates except the double mutants have been previously described (21).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histone H2B gene transcription during Xenopus early development requires functional cooperation between proteins bound to the CCAAT and octamer motifs.

Hinkley¹,

Perry²

1992

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The ubiquitously expressed transcription factor Oct-I and several other members of the POU domain protein family bind to a site, termed the octamer motif, that functions in the promoter and enhancer regions of a variety of genes expressed under diverse conditions. An octamer motif present in a conserved histone H2B-specific promoter element is required for S-phase-specific transcription of mammalian histone H2B genes in cultured cells. We have previously shown that the octamer motif in a Xenopus histone H2B gene promoter was inactive in nondividing frog oocytes. Here we show that the octamer motif, in addition to regulatory elements (TATAA, CCAAT, and ATF motifs) that are active in oocytes, is required for maximal H2B gene transcription in developing frog embryos. Factors binding to each of the H2B upstream promoter elements are present in oocytes and increase slightly in abundance during early development. The activity of the H2B octamer motif in embryos is not specifically associated with increased binding by Oct-I or the appearance of novel octamerbinding proteins but requires the presence of an intact CCAAT motif. Our results indicate that synergistic interactions among promoter-bound factors are important for octamer-dependent H2B transcription. We suggest that the activity of the H2B promoter is regulated primarily by changes in the interactions between proteins already bound to the promoter rather than by alterations in their intrinsic abilities to bind DNA.

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Promoter sequences required for transcription of Xenopus laevis histone genes in injected frog oocyte nuclei.

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Induction of coiled body-like structures in Xenopus oocytes by U7 snRNA

Induction of coiled body-like structures in Xenopus oocytes by U7 snRNA

Interaction of the CCAAT Displacement Protein with Shared Regulatory Elements Required for Transcription of Paired Histone Genes

Histone H2B gene transcription during Xenopus early development requires functional cooperation between proteins bound to the CCAAT and octamer motifs.

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