Parent training has become a major focus of intervention efforts aimed at preventing or reducing conduct problems (including physically aggressive behavior) and preventing violence among children through the reduction of maladaptive parenting behaviors and an increase in the use of positive parenting strategies (Bor, Sanders, & Markie-Dadds, 2002;Brestan & Eyberg, 1998;Gross et al., 2003;Redmond & Shin, 1998; Reid, Webster-Stratton, & Baybar, 2004;Sanders, 1999; Sanders, Markie-Dadds, Tully, & Bor, 2000a; Sanders, Turner, & MarkieDadds, 2002;Spoth, Redmond, & Shin, 1998;Taylor & Biglan, 1998; Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2003a; Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2003b;Webster-Stratton, Reid, & Hammond, 2001;Webster-Stratton & Taylor, 2001). Parenting interventions that include language promotion activities as well as parenting skills training may yield the most effective strategies for the prevention or reduction of physical aggression (Arnold, Lonigan, Whitehurst, & Epstein, 1994), through direct effects on physical aggression and indirect effects on physical aggression that are mediated by improved verbal abilities.Deciding when to implement intervention programs so that they are successful is a challenging task, but crucial if we are to prevent individuals from developing into life-course persistent Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. (Moffitt, 1993;Moffitt, Caspi, Dickson, Silva, & Stanton, 1996). Evidence is accumulating that persistent physical aggression leading to adolescent and adult violence develops prior to a child entering school and that the best time to intervene is prior to age 8, before these behaviors become ingrained (Brestan & Eyberg, 1998;Gross et al., 2003;Moffitt, 1993;Reid et al., 2004;Spoth et al., 1998;Taylor & Biglan, 1998; Webster-Stratton & Reid, 2003a;Webster-Stratton & Taylor, 2001;Yoshikawa, 1994). Tremblay (2000) posits that parent training programs during the preschool years which address discipline issues, use of physical punishment, and the regulation of physical aggression help prevent the trajectory towards further behavioral problems such as delinquency, truancy, and adolescent violence.
NIH Public AccessOne challenge to implementing prevention/intervention programs is determining the format for delivering the intervention: group-based versus home-based programs or a combination of these two approaches. The majority of parent training programs are group-based. Brestan & Eyberg (1998) note in their review of 82 studies on psychosocial treatments for conduct disordered children that only 11% of the interventions took place in the home...