Promising Novel Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain the most common causes of death globally, according to the World Health Organization. In recent years, a great number of biomarkers have been investigated, whereas only some have gained value in the diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification of different cardiovascular illnesses. As numerous studies have investigated the diagnostic yield of novel biomarkers in various disease entities every year, this review aims to provide an overview of the current status of four promising representatives. In particular, this manuscript refers to soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), growth differentiation factor (GDF-15) and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR). These markers are of special interest as they are thought to provide an accurate estimate of cardiovascular risk in certain patient populations, especially those with pre-existing diseases, such as obesity or diabetes mellitus. We sought to give an overview of their function, individual diagnostic and predictive value and determination in the laboratory. A review of the literature regarding the aforementioned cardiovascular biomarkers yielded manifold results with respect to their individual diagnostic and prognostic value. Yet, the clinical relevance of these findings remains unclear, warranting further studies to identify their optimal use in clinical routine.

Exploring the Link Between the Serum/Blood Levels of Heavy Metals (Pb, As, Cd, and Cu) and 2 Novel Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Stress (Growth Differentiation Factor 15 and Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2) in Copper Smelter Workers

“…Furthermore, an increased level of sST2 was found to be a significant and independent predictor of cardiovascular events in multiple recent studies. In addition, elevated sST2 concentrations were linked to an increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in individuals with coronary artery disease 37,73 …”

Involvement of Ceramides in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Atherosclerosis (ATS) Development: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

“…Thus, researchers continue to explore new potential biomarkers for ACVD. Sipos et al [56] highlighted in their review four promising new representative biomarkers which have a meaningful role in detecting inflammatory processes in CVD: soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) [57], heart-type fatty acid binding protein…”

“…Thus, researchers continue to explore new potential biomarkers for ACVD. Sipos et al [56] highlighted in their review four promising new representative biomarkers which have a meaningful role in detecting inflammatory processes in CVD: soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) [57], heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) [58], growth differentiation factor (GDF-15) [59], and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) [60]. These markers are of great interest as they can reflect pathological diseases with reference to ATS and related diseases, provide additional prognostic information about CVD risk in populations [61], or achieve knowledge about the response to certain therapies.…”

Variation in Genotype and DNA Methylation Patterns Based on Alcohol Use and CVD in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)

“…CVD is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality in both men and women [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Monogenic conditions can also lead to severe premature CVD and early death, if unrecognized and untreated [ 7 ].…”

“…Monogenic conditions can also lead to severe premature CVD and early death, if unrecognized and untreated [ 7 ]. CVD also inflicts a significant economic burden on countries [ 6 , 8 ] as well individuals. Although alcohol-dependent people may have diverse medical conditions or diseases, the major cause of their death is CVD [ 9 , 10 ].…”