Promising Grid-Forming VSC Control Schemes Toward Sustainable Power Systems: Comprehensive Review and Perspectives

Mahmoud, Karar; Divshali, Poria Hasanpor; Peltoniemi, Pasi; Lehtonen, Matti

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3228742

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…These generators are known as grid-connected inverters. Inverter controllers are digitally implemented, which provides them greater flexibility and speed compared to SG controllers, which are constrained by the mechanical and electrical qualities of their physical constructions [14]. As shown in Figure 1, inverter penetration in the grid is anticipated to increase in the future, due to factors related to climate change and the need for sustainable energy.…”

Section: The Changing Dynamics Of the Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

Ebinyu,

Abdel-Rahim,

Mansour

et al. 2023

Energies

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Changes are being implemented in the electrical power grid to accommodate the increased penetration of renewable energy sources interfaced with grid-connected inverters. The grid-forming (GFM) control paradigm of inverters in active power grids has emerged as a technique through which to tackle the effects of the diminishing dominance of synchronous generators (SGs) and is preferred to the grid-following (GFL) control for providing system control and stability in converter-dominated grids. Therefore, the development of the GFM control is important as the grid advances towards 100% inverter-based grids. In this paper, therefore, we aim to review the changing grid scenario; the behaviour of grid-connected inverter control paradigms and major GFM inverter controls, including their modifications to tackle low inertia, reduced power quality, fault-ride through capability, and reduced stability; and the state-of-the-art GFM models that are pushing the universality of GFM inverter control.

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Section: The Changing Dynamics Of the Gridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

Ebinyu,

Abdel-Rahim,

Mansour

et al. 2023

Energies

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“…With the increasingly high penetrations of inverter-based resources (IBRs), the rotation inertia level and frequency regulation reserve become inadequate in modern power systems. To face this challenge, with the developing power electronics control techniques such as virtual synchronous generator (VSG) [1][2][3][4], virtual inertia, and virtual droop [5,6], some IBRs can now provide fast frequency support (FFS) to the power system. FFS means the active power that is injected into the power system following the frequency event, which is mainly boosted by the rotational inertia and primary frequency control (PFC) of synchronous generators (SGs) in traditional power systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Fast Frequency Support Ability of the Generation Units in Modern Power Systems

Liu,

Mo,

Lai

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Modern power systems include synchronous generators (SGs) and inverter-based resources (IBRs) that provide fast frequency support (FFS) to the system. To evaluate the FFS ability of both SGs and IBRs under a unified framework, this paper proposes a method that evaluates the FFS ability of each generation unit via its dynamic trajectories of the active power output and the frequency following a contingency. The proposed method quantified FFS ability via two indexes, namely, the equivalent inertia constant and the equivalent droop, of each generation unit. The Tikhonov regularization algorithm is employed to estimate the FFS ability indexes. The New England 10-machine system serves to validate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method and illustrate the different FFS ability of the grid−forming and grid−following IBRs.

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“…Poor control quality can lead to voltage and frequency fluctuations that may lead to network instability and potential equipment damage [7][8][9]. There are several well-known methods to control GFMIs: droop-based methods, virtual synchronous machine approaches, virtual oscillator control, direct power control, and matching control [3,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Controller Synthesis and Laboratory Verification of a Matching-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverter for Microgrid Applications

Gomez Anccas,

Pourhossein,

Becker

et al. 2023

Energies

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Grid-forming inverters are the essential components in the effort to integrate renewable energy resources into stand-alone power systems and microgrids. Performance of these inverters directly depends on their control parameters embodied in the controller. Even the most conscientiously designed controller will exhibit suboptimal performance upon implementation due to the presence of parasitic elements in the existing hardware. Hence, the controller has to be tuned and optimized. In the present article, the process of implementation, laboratory verification, and tuning of a matching-controlled grid-forming inverter is presented. In order to assess the efficiency of the grid-forming controller, its operation has been tested and analyzed in blackstart, steady state, and transient operation. For this purpose, a systematic sensitivity analysis has been conducted and the control parameters have been tuned in laboratory tests. The laboratory results verify proper operation of a 7 kW grid-forming inverter in all three test scenarios. After applying the proposed method on the tested grid-forming inverter in steady state operation, total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage is less than 0.5% for its practical loading range (maximum THD is less than 1% in no-load condition). The system is able to blackstart and supply the loads. Finally, the studied grid-forming inverter is stable in the presence of severe step load changes and disturbances, i.e., voltage overshoot is managed well and compensated for with a low settling time using this approach.

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Promising Grid-Forming VSC Control Schemes Toward Sustainable Power Systems: Comprehensive Review and Perspectives

Cited by 6 publications

References 150 publications

Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

Grid-Forming Control: Advancements towards 100% Inverter-Based Grids—A Review

Evaluating the Fast Frequency Support Ability of the Generation Units in Modern Power Systems

Detailed Controller Synthesis and Laboratory Verification of a Matching-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverter for Microgrid Applications

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