Promising Antibiofilm Agents: Recent Breakthrough against Biofilm Producing Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

Multidrug resistant (MDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a superbug pathogen that causes serious diseases. One of the main reasons for the lack of the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy against infections caused by this resistant pathogen is the recalcitrant nature of MRSA biofilms, which results in an increasingly serious situation worldwide. Consequently, the development of innovative biofilm inhibitors is urgently needed to control the biofilm formation by this pathogen. In this work, we thus sought to evaluate the biofilm inhibiting ability of some promising antibiofilm agents such as zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zno NPs), proteinase K, and hamamelitannin (HAM) in managing the MRSA biofilms. Different phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to identify the biofilm producing MDR MRSA isolates and the antibiofilm/antimicrobial activities of the used promising agents. Our study demonstrated strong antibiofilm activities of ZnO NPs, proteinase K, and HAM against MRSA biofilms along with their transcriptional modulation of biofilm (intercellular adhesion A, icaA) and quorum sensing (QS) (agr) genes. Interestingly, only ZnO NPs showed a powerful antimicrobial activity against this pathogen. Collectively, we observed overall positive correlations between the biofilm production and the antimicrobial resistance/agr genotypes II and IV. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the toxin genes and the biofilm production. The ZnO NPs were recommended to be used alone as potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents against MDR MRSA and their biofilm-associated diseases. On the other hand, proteinase-K and HAM can be co-administrated with other antimicrobial agents to manage such types of infections.

Thymol Nanoemulsion: A New Therapeutic Option for Extensively Drug Resistant Foodborne Pathogens

“…Food-borne diseases caused by resistant non-typhoid salmonella are considered important public health threats worldwide [ 24 ]. Several reports tackle the problem of MDR foodborne infections by renewal of the therapeutic options of the medicinal plants [ 25 ] or drug repurposing [ 26 ]. Essential oils extracted from the leaves of Paramignya trimera and Limnocitrus littoralis have antibacterial, antiviral, antimycotic, and antitrichomonas effects [ 27 ].…”

Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Virulence and Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni with a Special Reference to the Anti-Virulence Potential of Eugenol and Beta-Resorcylic Acid on Some Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates in Egypt

“…Previous researches demonstrated that the SICs of different antimicrobial agents could change the invasion and gene expression of different virulence factors in bacteria, thus leading to minimizing their pathogenicity and virulence [ 15 , 16 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

Thymol nanoemulsion promoted broiler chicken’s growth, gastrointestinal barrier and bacterial community and conferred protection against Salmonella Typhimurium

“…Recently, the essential oils (EOs) have been gaining considerable interest due to their ability to improve the growth performance, gut health and intestinal integrity, strengthen the mucosal barrier and thereby limit the diseases challenges in poultry 2 – 4 . Besides, the antibacterial property of EOs has been well recognized 5 , 6 . Thymol, the main phenolic ingredient of thyme ( Thymus vulgaris ) essential oil, is among the reported plant compounds those are used in poultry nutrition as feed additives.…”