Promises and challenges of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines

Rathore, Abhay P. S.; John, Ashley L. St.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.013

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, Wang et al 38 provided evidence of a protective effect beyond 10 months, with a second booster dose of AAd5‐nCoV having a relative efficacy of 56.4% in adults and lasting for 12 weeks in 6576 participants. The AAd5‐nCoV booster vaccination produced a higher protective effective, which may be related to its higher systemic antibody response and mucosal response during the BVs phase 50 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, immunogenicity, and protective effective of inhaled COVID‐19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Song,

Li,

Cheng

2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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This study aimed to examine the safety, immunogenicity and protective effective of inhaled COVID‐19 vaccines (ICVs). Literature research was done through EMBASE, Cochrane, PubMed, and Web of Science up to 10 March 2024. Pooled estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed and compared using the random effects and common effects model. Of the 15 studies, 11 analyzed safety, 13 analyzed immunogenicity, and 3 analyzed protective effective. The results showed a favorable safety profile of ICVs for primary vaccination series, however it does not always seem to produce the expected immune response and protective effective. Meta‐analysis of ICVs booster vaccinations (BVs) showed that the levels of neutralizing antibody Geometric mean titer (nAb‐GMT) with aerosolised Ad5‐nCoV (AAd5‐nCoV) were all higher than those with inactivated vaccine (INA‐nCoV) (standard mean difference (SMD) = 2.32; 95% CI: 1.96–2.69) and intramuscular Ad5‐nCoV (IMAd5‐nCoV) (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.14–0.48) against the original strain of SARS‐CoV‐2. Importantly, we also observed similar results in the omicron variant. In addition, ICV in BVs has high mucosal immunity to IgA antibodies. The risk of adverse events was comparable or lower for AAd5‐nCoV compared to INA‐nCoV or IMAd5‐nCoV. Current evidence shows that the safety profile of ICVs were well. The booster dose of AAd5‐nCoV had a high immune response (including mucosal immunity) and provided protection against COVID‐19 caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 omicron variant. Further studies are needed to investigate the long‐term safety of intranasal vaccine booster protection and various types of ICVs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, immunogenicity, and protective effective of inhaled COVID‐19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Song,

Li,

Cheng

2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The vaccine-contained adenoviral vector can encode SARSCoV2 S and nucleocapsid proteins and provide mucosal immunity by dissolving in the digestive tract. 1,172,173 Probiotics have been shown to positively benefit human health and the oral cavity, including the prevention of oral candidiasis, dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. To encourage close contact between the probiotics and oral mucosa and to sustain the viability of anaerobic bacteria like Bifidobacterium bifidum BB12, mucoadhesive wafers as buccal systems must be developed.…”

Section: Oral Immunization and Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaxart’s vaccine is an oral vaccine that has been developed for COVID-19 treatment. The vaccine-contained adenoviral vector can encode SARSCoV2 S and nucleocapsid proteins and provide mucosal immunity by dissolving in the digestive tract. ,, …”

Section: Different Formulations For Enhancing Mucosal Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has reignited interest in mucosal vaccine development. While existing COVID-19 vaccines effectively prevent severe disease, they may not fully block onward transmission. ,− Furthermore, COVID-19 infection can negatively impact both the IgA and IgG antibody levels. Mucosal vaccines that induce robust IgA and IgG responses could be advantageous.…”

Section: Future Vision Of the Mucosal Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mucosal immunity can protect our body from various infectious diseases by preventing penetration of microorganisms within the mucus layer when they enter into our body via oral and nasal routes. − To achieve the proper immunity within the mucus layer, it is very important to select the right drug delivery route and right formulation accordingly. − Mucosal immunity provides a wide range of protections for organs, including ocular, nasopharyngeal, respiratory, oral, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary system. − As of now, mucosal immunity is considered the best way for the prevention of infections by microbes that can easily enter the body through the mucosa, and most importantly, the mucosal surface acts as a barrier or maintains a fine line between the host internal setting and external environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Mucosal Physiology and Rationale of Formulation Design for Improved Mucosal Immunity

Biswas,

Nurunnabi,

Khatun

2024

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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The oral and nasal cavities serve as critical gateways for infectious pathogens, with microorganisms primarily gaining entry through these routes. Our first line of defense against these invaders is the mucosal membrane, a protective barrier that shields the body's internal systems from infection while also contributing to vital functions like air and nutrient intake. One of the key features of this mucosal barrier is its ability to protect the physiological system from pathogens. Additionally, mucosal tolerance plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the pH and water balance within the body. Recognizing the importance of the mucosal barrier, researchers have developed various mucosal formulations to enhance the immune response. Mucosal vaccines, for example, deliver antigens directly to mucosal tissues, triggering local immune stimulation and ultimately inducing systemic immunity. Studies have shown that lipid-based formulations such as liposomes and virosomes can effectively elicit both local and systemic immune responses. Furthermore, mucoadhesive polymeric particles, with their prolonged delivery to target sites, have demonstrated an enhanced immune response. This Review delves into the critical role of material selection and delivery approaches in optimizing mucosal immunity.

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The rising SARS‐CoV‐2 JN.1 variant: evolution, infectivity, immune escape, and response strategies

Lu,

Ao,

et al. 2024

MedComm

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The JN.1 variant of COVID‐19 has emerged as the dominant strain worldwide since the end of 2023. As a subclade of the BA.2.86 variant, JN.1 harbors a unique combination of mutations inherited from the BA.2.86 lineage, notably featuring the novel L455S mutation within its receptor‐binding motif. This mutation has been linked to increased transmissibility and enhanced immune evasion capabilities. During the rise of JN.1, evidence of resistance to various monoclonal antibodies and reduced cross‐neutralization effects of the XBB.1.5 vaccine have been observed. Although the public health threat posed by the JN.1 variant appears relatively low, concerns persist regarding its evolutionary trajectory under immune pressure. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving JN.1 variant, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and investigation of new variants that could lead to widespread infection. It assesses the efficacy of current vaccines and therapeutics against emerging variants, particularly focusing on immunocompromised populations. Additionally, this review summarizes potential vaccine advancements and clinical treatments for COVID‐19, offering insights to optimize prevention and treatment strategies. This review thoroughly evaluates the JN.1 variant's impact on public health and its implications for future vaccine and therapeutic development, contributing to ongoing efforts to mitigate the risk of virus transmission and disease severity.

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Promises and challenges of mucosal COVID-19 vaccines

Cited by 13 publications

References 96 publications

Safety, immunogenicity, and protective effective of inhaled COVID‐19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Safety, immunogenicity, and protective effective of inhaled COVID‐19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Understanding Mucosal Physiology and Rationale of Formulation Design for Improved Mucosal Immunity

The rising SARS‐CoV‐2 JN.1 variant: evolution, infectivity, immune escape, and response strategies

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