Prolonged, low-grade inflammation in the first week of lactation: Associations with mineral, protein, and energy balance markers, and milk yield, in a clinically healthy Jersey cow cohort

Abstract

Our objectives were to perform a proof-of-concept study to assess the association of a prolonged inflammatory state (based on a continually elevated haptoglobin concentration at the end of the first week after parturition) with mineral, protein, and energy balance markers in the first 2 wk after parturition, and milk production in the first 60 d of lactation in clinically healthy cows. We conducted a cohort study in 1 herd in west Texas that was milking Jersey and Jersey-Holstein crosses. Only multiparous Jersey cows were eligible for enrollment. Cows were classified as having or not having elevated haptoglobin concentrations based on plasma concentrations evaluated on d 4 and 7 postpartum. We used median concentrations of haptoglobin in the reference population (i.e., before the exclusion of cows diagnosed with clinical diseases) as the limits for categorizing cows into 2 groups: cows with plasma haptoglobin concentrations greater than the median values on both d 4 (0.49 g/L) and 7 (0.35 g/L) had continually elevated haptoglobin (with eHp); and cows with plasma haptoglobin concentrations lower than or equal to the median values of the reference population on d 4 or 7 did not have continually elevated haptoglobin (without eHp). Next, cows with clinical diseases in the first 2 wk of the postpartum period were excluded, so that 233 cows remained for the final analyses. Evaluated outcomes were average daily milk production across the first 60 d of lactation, plasma Ca, Mg, and glucose concentrations on d 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, and 14 postpartum, and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), fructosamine, albumin, urea, and creatinine concentrations on d 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 postpartum. Rectal temperatures measured on d 4, 7, and 10 postpartum were also analyzed. We performed statistical analyses using linear mixed models while accounting for the repeated effect of sampling time (plasma analytes and rectal temperature models) and weekly milk test (milk production model). Cows with eHp had lower plasma Ca concentrations in the first 2 wk after calving, but no differences in Mg, BHB, NEFA, glucose, or rectal temperatures compared to cows without eHp. Cows with eHp had lower plasma fructosamine, albumin, and urea concentrations in a time-dependent manner. They also had lower milk production (2.3 kg/d less than cows without eHp in the first 60 DIM). Our study demonstrated that 25% of cows without clinical disorders in the first 2 wk after parturition had continually elevated haptoglobin concentrations at d 7 after parturition relative to d 4, suggestive of a prolonged, low-grade systemic inflammatory state. More observational studies are needed to more fully characterize the duration of prolonged postpartum subclinical inflammation in cows without clinical diseases, as well as its long-term effects, and to evaluate the use of other potential markers of systemic inflammation to describe this disorder.

Feeding dairy cows for improved metabolism and health

“… Horst et al (2020) demonstrated that 13.7 g of Ca were necessary to maintain eucalcemia for the first 12 h following an LPS challenge in dairy cows. Additionally, in a retrospective study classifying a cohort of lactating Jersey cows without clinical diseases, prolonged, low-grade inflammation cows (i.e., cows with continuously elevated blood haptoglobin concentration measured on days 4 and 7 postpartum) represented 25% of the animals evaluated, and they had reduced blood calcium concentration and milk production (i.e., –2.3 kg/cow/d) across the first 14 and 60 DIM, respectively ( Martins et al, 2021 ). Thus, even clinically healthy dairy cows might experience a certain level of subclinical inflammation.…”

Genomic prediction of blood biomarkers of metabolic disorders in Holstein cattle using parametric and nonparametric models

“…Indeed, many metabolites have level thresholds, which can allow the identification of cows at risk of compromising performance and health. Although these thresholds are not yet well-defined, several studies are being conducted to establish these subclinical thresholds [ 21 , 22 ]. Moreover, animals with suboptimal or critical values can be found at both the extremes of the metabolite distribution (e.g., urea and total proteins), which complicates selective breeding programs.…”

Plasma oxylipin profile of postpartum dairy cows categorized into different systemic inflammatory grades in the first week after parturition

“…For this study, cows were classified into 1 of 4 inflammation categories based on plasma Hp dynamics during the first 7 DIM and in the presence or absence of a metritis diagnosis within 10 DIM. The groups were as follows: (1) cows with a peak Hp concentration ≤3 DIM ( EarlyHp ) and diagnosed with metritis; (2) cows with a peak Hp concentration 3 < DIM ≤7 ( LateHp ) and diagnosed with metritis; (3) cows suffering from persistently elevated Hp concentrations assessed on DIM 4 and 7 while remaining free from any clinical disease during the first 21 DIM ( PersistentHp ; Martins et al, 2021 ); and (4) cows not suffering from persistently elevated Hp concentrations that were free from any clinical disease during the first 21 DIM ( LowHp ). Of note, metritic cows had no other comorbidities or risk factors known to increase metritis incidence (i.e., dystocia, retained placenta, milk fever).…”

“…Our group recently demonstrated that a subpopulation of apparently healthy cows suffers from a more prolonged state of systemic inflammation in the first week after parturition ( Martins et al, 2021 ). Despite that, it is unknown what mechanisms lead to a more persistent systemic inflammation state in the early postpartum.…”