“…However, some reports suggested that chronic restraint stress in adult rats increases the BDNF mRNA in the BLA (for review see Bennett & Lagopoulos, 2014). In relation to glucocorticoids, several reports have shown that chronic stress causes an increase in glucocorticoid levels in limbic structures such as the PFC and the hippocampus (for review see Bennett & Lagopoulos, 2014;McEwen et al, 1997;McEwen, 2010;Weinstock, 2011. In addition, in the rats, chronic administration of corticosterone causes a retraction of the dendritic tree with a reduced number of dendritic spines in the PFC, hippocampus, and BLA (Anderson et al, 2016;Conrad et al, 2007;Morales-Medina et al, 2009). Consequently, chronic restraint stress resulting in reduced BDNF and increased corticosterone may be responsible for the shrinkage of the dendritic arborization and reduced spinogenesis in the aforementioned regions.…”