Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man

Helge, Jørn Wulff

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802058

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A carbohydrate-enriched diet has been shown to induce insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which in turn is associated with elevated blood pressure and initiation of a complex biochemical cascade that leads to vascular cell damage. 5,6 Oral administration of resveratrol was shown to inhibit insulin sensitivity and to reduce the body weight of mice fed on high-fat diet. 7 Most of the effects of resveratrol on lifespan in lower life forms are thought to be mediated by the deacetylase sir-2, a member of the conserved sirtuin family of proteins.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resveratrol Regulates Pathologic Angiogenesis by a Eukaryotic Elongation Factor-2 Kinase-Regulated Pathway

Khan

Dace

Ryazanov

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Pathology

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Abnormal angiogenesis is central to the pathophysiology of diverse disease processes including cancers, ischemic and atherosclerotic heart disease, and visually debilitating eye disease. Resveratrol is a naturally occurring phytoalexin that has been demonstrated to ameliorate and decelerate the aging process as well as blunt end organ damage from obesity. These effects of resveratrol are largely mediated by members of the sirtuin family of proteins. We demonstrate that resveratrol can inhibit pathological angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro by a sirtuin-independent pathway. Resveratrol inhibits the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells by activating eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase. The active kinase in turn phosphorylates and inactivates elongation factor-2, a key mediator of ribosomal transfer and protein translation. Functional inhibition of the kinase by gene deletion in vivo or RNA as well as pharmacological inhibition in vitro is able to completely reverse the effects of resveratrol on blood vessel growth. These studies have identified a novel and critical pathway that promotes aberrant vascular proliferation and one that is amenable to modulation by pharmacological means. In addition, these results have uncovered a sirtuin-independent pathway by which resveratrol regulates angiogenesis.

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confidence: 99%

Resveratrol Regulates Pathologic Angiogenesis by a Eukaryotic Elongation Factor-2 Kinase-Regulated Pathway

Khan

Dace

Ryazanov

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Pathology

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“…Four randomised controlled trials were identified that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to fat or protein in relation to blood glucose response two hours after an oral glucose tolerance test (Swinburn et al, 2001;Lasker et al, 2008;Due et al, 2008a). No further trials were identified in the update search (Cardio-metabolic review, diabetes chapter p185) (Racette et al, 1995;Golay et al, 1996;Golay et al, 2000;Swinburn et al, 2001;Helge, 2002;Colette et al, 2003;Landry et al, 2003;Lovejoy et al, 2003;Wolever & Mehling, 2003;Clifton et al, 2004;Segal-Isaacson et al, 2004;Dansinger et al, 2005;Lofgren et al, 2005;Raatz et al, 2005;Petersen et al, 2006;Howard et al, 2006b;Ebbeling et al, 2007;Gardner et al, 2007;Maki et al, 2007b;Phillips et al, 2008;Due et al, 2008a;Frisch et al, 2009;Grau et al, 2009;Kirk et al, 2009;Morgan et al, 2009;Sacks et al, 2009). Five trials were subsequently identified in the update search (Goree et al, 2011;Haufe et al, 2011;Shikany et al, 2011;Tierney et al, 2011;Brooking et al, 2012 Nearly all trials employ energy restricted weight loss diets that vary both carbohydrate (between 5% and 65% energy) and fat (between 18% and 40% energy) between groups.…”

Section: Cohort Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirteen randomised controlled trials were identified that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to fat on measures of insulin resistance/sensitivity (Helge, 2002;Wolever & Mehling, 2002;Foster et al, 2003;Lofgren et al, 2005;Raatz et al, 2005;Johnston et al, 2006;Maki et al, 2007b;Tinker et al, 2008;Due et al, 2008a;Grau et al, 2009;Kirk et al, 2009;Sacks et al, 2009;de Luis et al, 2009a). Five trials were subsequently identified in the update search Goree et al, 2011;Haufe et al, 2011;Shikany et al, 2011;Tierney et al, 2011) 5.105.…”

Section: Insulin Resistance/sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three trials were subsequently identified in the update search (Weickert et al, 2011;Gogebakan et al, 2011;Toscani et al, 2011) (Brehm et al, 2003;Johnston et al, 2004;Meckling et al, 2004;Seshadri et al, 2005;McMillan-Price et al, 2006;Noakes et al, 2006;Keogh et al, 2007;Meckling & Sherfey, 2007;Lasker et al, 2008;Keogh et al, 2008;de Luis et al, 2009b). Four trials were subsequently identified in the update search (Klemsdal et al, 2010;Hernandez et al, 2010;Krebs et al, 2010;Lim et al, 2010;Wood et al, 2012) (Peterson & Jovanovic-Peterson, 1995;Racette et al, 1995;Golay et al, 1996;Golay et al, 2000;Swinburn et al, 2001;Helge, 2002;Colette et al, 2003;Landry et al, 2003;Lovejoy et al, 2003;Wolever & Mehling, 2003;Clifton et al, 2004;Cornier et al, 2005;Dansinger et al, 2005;Lofgren et al, 2005;Petersen et al, 2006;Howard et al, 2006b;Ebbeling et al, 2007;Gardner et al, 2007;Kirkwood et al, 2007;Maki et al, 2007b;...…”

Section: Cohort Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a concomitant reduction in saturated fat intake and/or weight loss  The effect is biologically relevant Higher carbohydrate diets and fasting non-esterified fatty acids 5.66. Nine randomised controlled trials that presented evidence on diets differing in the proportion of carbohydrate to protein and/or fat on fasting non-esterified fatty acids were included in the meta-analysis (Helge, 2002;Wolever & Mehling, 2003;Due et al, 2004;Cornier et al, 2005;Lofgren et al, 2005;Noakes et al, 2005;McMillan-Price et al, 2006;Claessens et al, 2009;Kirk et al, 2009) Higher carbohydrate diets and fasting non-esterified fatty acid concentration…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macronutrients and type 1 diabetes (revision number 6)

Garden¹,

Paterson²

2014

Diapedia

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Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets

Bravata¹,

Sanders²,

Huang³

et al. 2003

JAMA

490

265

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ETWEEN 1960 AND 2000 THE prevalence of obesity among adults aged 20 years to 74 years in the United States increased from 13.4% to 30.9%. [1][2][3] An estimated 325000 deaths and between 4.3% and 5.7% of direct health care costs (approximately $39-$52 billion) are attributed to obesity annually. 1,2 Results from the 1998 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey indicate that roughly one third of US adults were trying to lose weight at that time, and another third were trying to maintain weight. 4 Recently, lowcarbohydrate diets have resurged in popularity as a means of rapid weight loss, yet their long-term efficacy and safety remain poorly understood.The first low-carbohydrate diet to have enjoyed popular success was that described by William Banting in the 1860s. 5 Banting claimed that he was never hungry and at the age of 66, in a period of a year, lost 46 of his initial 202 pounds. He wrote, "The great charms and comfort of the system are that its effects are palpable within a week of trial and creates a natural stimulus to persevere for a few weeks more." 5 While it is difficult to estimate the number of people who have followed low-carbohydrate diets, the number and popularity of articles and books from the lay press advocating their use attest to a high level of interest in and de-mand for these diets by the US public. The most popular text, written by cardiologist and long-time proponent Context Low-carbohydrate diets have been popularized without detailed evidence of their efficacy or safety. The literature has no clear consensus as to what amount of carbohydrates per day constitutes a low-carbohydrate diet. Objective To evaluate changes in weight, serum lipids, fasting serum glucose, and fasting serum insulin levels, and blood pressure among adults using low-carbohydrate diets in the outpatient setting. Data Sources We performed MEDLINE and bibliographic searches for Englishlanguage studies published between January 1, 1966, and February 15, 2003, with key words such as low carbohydrate, ketogenic, and diet. Study Selection We included articles describing adult, outpatient recipients of lowcarbohydrate diets of 4 days or more in duration and 500 kcal/d or more, and which reported both carbohydrate content and total calories consumed. Literature searches identified 2609 potentially relevant articles of low-carbohydrate diets. We included 107 articles describing 94 dietary interventions reporting data for 3268 participants; 663 participants received diets of 60 g/d or less of carbohydrates-of whom only 71 received 20 g/d or less of carbohydrates. Study variables (eg, number of participants, design of dietary evaluation), participant variables ( eg, age, sex, baseline weight, fasting serum glucose level), diet variables (eg, carbohydrate content, caloric content, duration) were abstracted from each study. Data ExtractionTwo authors independently reviewed articles meeting inclusion criteria and abstracted data onto pretested abstraction forms. Data SynthesisThe included studies were highly heterogeneous w...

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Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Resveratrol Regulates Pathologic Angiogenesis by a Eukaryotic Elongation Factor-2 Kinase-Regulated Pathway

Resveratrol Regulates Pathologic Angiogenesis by a Eukaryotic Elongation Factor-2 Kinase-Regulated Pathway

Macronutrients and type 1 diabetes (revision number 6)

Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets

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