Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri: Further observations on the effects of water temperature

Clifton-Hadley, R. S.; Richards, R. H.; Bucke, D.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(86)90112-2

Cited by 72 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…Such variations, also found amongst individual fi sh within one sample site, might be infl uenced by dif- PKD in Switzerland ferent factors. PKD is known to have a seasonal occurrence (Foott and Hedrick, 1987;Hedrick et al, 1993) with overt PKD developing mainly at temperatures of 15 °C or higher (Ferguson, 1981;Clifton-Hadley et al, 1986). In the present study, fi sh were sampled from August to October.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic distribution of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infected fish in Swiss rivers: an update

Wahli¹,

Bernet²,

Steiner

et al. 2007

Aquat. Sci.

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Abstract. Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) has been recognized as a potential threat to brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Switzerland. A study performed in 2000/2001 on 139 sampling sites from 127 rivers in Switzerland revealed a wide distribution of fi sh infected by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of PKD. The present study aimed to complement this dataset by studying a further 115 sample sites from 91 rivers and 4 fi sh farms. Mainly brown trout were investigated for the presence of T. bryosalmonae by a combination of macroscopical, histological and immunohistochemical examination. In approximately 56% of the examined sampling sites, T. bryosalmonae-infected fi sh were found. The prevalence of infected fi sh at individual sites ranged from 0% to 100%. Infection intensity, judged on the basis of histological and immunohistochemical evaluation for the degree of parasite infection, varied greatly between and within sites. PKD-positive sites were found in all areas of Switzerland. The wide distribution of the disease in Swiss rivers indicates that PKD may be a causative factor for the catch decline of brown trout, which was suggested over recent decades in Switzerland.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic distribution of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infected fish in Swiss rivers: an update

Wahli¹,

Bernet²,

Steiner

et al. 2007

Aquat. Sci.

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“…The seasonality of PKD outbreaks appears to be related to water temperature, as clinical disease signs and mortalities increase at water temperatures above 15 xC (Ferguson and Ball, 1979 ;Ferguson, 1981 ;Clifton-Hadley et al 1986 ;Hedrick et al 1993). The factors causing enhanced disease manifestation and mortalities of the fish host at elevated water temperatures are not understood to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of rainbow trout: temperature- and time-related changes ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeDNA in the kidney

et al. 2009

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S U M M A R YProliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids, caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, can lead to high mortalities at elevated water temperature. We evaluated the hypothesis that this mortality is caused by increasing parasite intensity. T. bryosalmonae-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were reared at different water temperatures and changes in parasite concentrations in the kidney were compared to cumulative mortalities. Results of parasite quantification by a newly developed real-time PCR agreed with the number of parasites detected by immunohistochemistry, except for very low or very high parasite loads because of heterogenous distribution of the parasites in the kidney. Two experiments were performed, where fish were exposed to temperatures of 12, 14, 16, 18 or 19 xC after an initial exposure to an infectious environment at 12-16 xC resulting in 100% prevalence of infected fish after 5 to 14 days of exposure. While mortalities differed significantly between all investigated water temperatures, significant differences in final parasite loads were only found between fish kept at 12 xC and all other groups. Differences in parasite load between fish kept at 14 xC to 19 xC were not significant. These findings provide evidence that there is no direct link between parasite intensity and fish mortality.

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“…Although the time-and temperature-related effects of T. bryosalmonae proliferation have been thoroughly described in controlled experimental conditions and in farmed fish (Clifton-Hadley et al 1986, Morris et al 2005, Tops et al 2006, Bettge et al 2009a,b, Schmidt-Posthaus et al 2012, only a handful of studies to date have documented temporal variation in PKD prevalence in wild populations (Wahli et al 2002, Sterud et al 2007). Yet, several authors have stressed the importance of temporal analysis when studying the epidemiology of PKD (Feist et al 2002, Wahli et al 2007, Okamura et al 2011.…”

Section: Temporal Variation In Tetracapsuloides Bryosalmonae Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mustoja, Vainupea, Altja), but the clinical signs of the infection were not systematically evaluated for all analyzed trout (e.g. Clifton-Hadley et al 1986). The suspected invertebrate host, a freshwater bryozoan, was found in the River Mustoja in 2010 and 2011, and sections of the bryozoan colonies were preserved in 96% ethanol.…”

Section: Sampling Of Fish and Bryozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both field data and experimental work have shown that increasing water temperatures enhance prevalence and severity of PKD, while recent studies suggest that eutrophication may also contribute to disease outbreaks (Hartikainen et al 2009, Okamura et al 2011. PKD outbreaks usually occur seasonally during the summer or early autumn when water temperatures are above 15°C (Ferguson & Ball 1979, Ferguson 1981, Clifton-Hadley et al 1986). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) agent Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in brown trout populations in Estonia

Dash¹,

Vasemägi²

2014

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) caused by the myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is a serious parasitic disease threatening both farmed and wild salmonid populations, but very little is currently known about the distribution of the parasite in the Baltic Sea region. In this study we (1) report the development of a novel multiplex PCR method for fast and reliable screening of T. bryosalmonae; (2) use this multiplex PCR method to show that the PKD agent T. bryosalmonae is widespread in natural brown trout Salmo trutta L. populations in Estonia; (3) evaluate monthly and yearly variation of T. bryosalmonae prevalence in juvenile trout; (4) assess T. bryosalmonae prevalence in different age-classes of fish (0+ vs. 1+ and older) and report the presence of the PKD agent in the kidneys of returning sea trout spawners; and (5) suggest the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella fungosa as a putative invertebrate host of T. bryo salmonae in Estonia. Our results demonstrate a highly heterogeneous distribution of T. bryosalmonae at the micro-geographic scale, indicating that PKD could have an important negative effect on recruitment in Estonian brown trout populations.KEY WORDS: Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae · Salmo trutta · Salmonid fish · Natural population · Parasite · Host · Myxozoa · Bryozoa Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 109: [139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148] 2014 While the effects of temperature on T. bryosalmonae proliferation and the renal pathological responses of the salmonid host are well documented, considerably less is known about the distribution of the parasite and the severity of PKD in wild salmonid populations (Sterud et al. 2007, Peeler et al. 2008, Kristmundsson et al. 2010, Okamura et al. 2011, Skovgaard & Buchmann 2012. For example, the prevalence of PKD is spatially variable within and among river systems (Feist et al. 2002, Sterud et al. 2007, Wahli et al. 2008, Skovgaard & Buchmann 2012. However, the potential effects of temporal variation, different life history strategies (e.g. migratory vs. resident fish), and juvenile age on T. bryosalmonae prevalence is not known. Yet, such knowledge is necessary for a better understanding of the life cycle and dispersal of T. bryosalmonae, and the epidemiology of PKD.The Baltic Sea catchment contains approximately 1000 anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta L. populations and numerous wild resident brown trout stocks (HELCOM 2011). Very little is currently known about the distribution of the PKD-causing parasite T. bryosalmonae and its bryozoan host(s) in the Baltic Sea region and its potential impact on wild trout populations (Skovgaard & Buchmann 2012). Earlier reports from Estonia documented the occurrence of T. bryosalmonae in Atlantic salmon and brown trout in a few rivers based on histopathological work (Kadakas et al. 2001), but no information is available on the prevalence of T. bryosalmonae among wild anadromous and resident brown trout populations in Eston...

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Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri: Further observations on the effects of water temperature

Cited by 72 publications

References 4 publications

Geographic distribution of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infected fish in Swiss rivers: an update

Geographic distribution of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infected fish in Swiss rivers: an update

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of rainbow trout: temperature- and time-related changes ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeDNA in the kidney

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) agent Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in brown trout populations in Estonia

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