Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish

Hedrick, Ronald P.; MacConnell, Elizabeth; Kinkelin, P. de

doi:10.1016/0959-8030(93)90039-e

Cited by 202 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The seasonality of PKD outbreaks appears to be related to water temperature, as clinical disease signs and mortalities increase at water temperatures above 15 xC (Ferguson and Ball, 1979 ;Ferguson, 1981 ;Clifton-Hadley et al 1986 ;Hedrick et al 1993). The factors causing enhanced disease manifestation and mortalities of the fish host at elevated water temperatures are not understood to date.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of rainbow trout: temperature- and time-related changes ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeDNA in the kidney

et al. 2009

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S U M M A R YProliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonids, caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, can lead to high mortalities at elevated water temperature. We evaluated the hypothesis that this mortality is caused by increasing parasite intensity. T. bryosalmonae-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were reared at different water temperatures and changes in parasite concentrations in the kidney were compared to cumulative mortalities. Results of parasite quantification by a newly developed real-time PCR agreed with the number of parasites detected by immunohistochemistry, except for very low or very high parasite loads because of heterogenous distribution of the parasites in the kidney. Two experiments were performed, where fish were exposed to temperatures of 12, 14, 16, 18 or 19 xC after an initial exposure to an infectious environment at 12-16 xC resulting in 100% prevalence of infected fish after 5 to 14 days of exposure. While mortalities differed significantly between all investigated water temperatures, significant differences in final parasite loads were only found between fish kept at 12 xC and all other groups. Differences in parasite load between fish kept at 14 xC to 19 xC were not significant. These findings provide evidence that there is no direct link between parasite intensity and fish mortality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of rainbow trout: temperature- and time-related changes ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeDNA in the kidney

et al. 2009

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“…It primarily affects fingerling fish (i.e. those in their first year of contact) and usually results in 100 % morbidity on an affected farm with up to 20 % mortality (Hedrick et al 1993). Impacts on wild populations are generally unknown but are potentially substantial (Feist et al 2002 ;Whali et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Morris

Adams

2006

Parasitology

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S U M M A R YProliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the malacosporean parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, causes significant losses among salmonids in Western Europe and North America. The role of salmonid fish in the life-cycle of this parasite has been conjectured upon for over a quarter of a century. To examine whether fish can transmit the infection to bryozoans, the known invertebrate host, water containing parasitized brown trout Salmo trutta was pumped into tanks containing colonies of Fredericella sultana collected from the wild. The specific parasite-free status of these colonies being first assessed, by PCR and prolonged laboratory culture. After 6 weeks exposure to the brown trout aquarium effluent, portions of these colonies displayed overt infections with T. bryosalmonae. This was in contrast to control bryozoans, derived from the experimental colonies prior to exposure, which remained T. bryosalmonae negative. In addition, spores obtained from the experimentally infected colonies were exposed to naïve rainbow trout, resulting in clinical PKD, thus completing a cycle of transmission. During the experiments, the infection was noted to inhibit statoblast formation within bryozoans and appeared to be pathogenic, finally killing the bryozoan host. These findings indicate that fish can transmit the parasite to bryozoans and are an integral part of this parasite's life-cycle.

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“…Previous studies by Olesen (1985) in one Danish trout farm (using conventional histology sections) indicated that infection occurred from May until late autumn. A possible immunity to the invading agent (Hedrick et al 1993) resulting from previous infections mlght partly explain the results. Investigations by Hoffmann & El-Matboul~ (1994) showed that PKX cells could be found in non-clinically affected rainbow trout in late autumn, corresponding with these findings.…”

Section: Metazoansmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…PKX was exclusively detected by using Griffonia simplicifolia lectin binding to kidney imprints. No gross pathological signs including kidney enlargement and focal lesions (Bucke et al 1991, Hedrick et al 1993 were seen even in the lectinpositive fish.…”

Section: Metazoansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic infections in pond-reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Denmark

Buchmann¹,

Bresciani²

1997

Dis. Aquat. Org.

107

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From October 1993 to December 1995, 5 Danish freshwater rainbow trout Oncorhynchus myklss farms were surveyed for parasites, the most comprehens~ve survey to date in Denmark. A total of 805 f~s h , aged 0+ and l+, were examined, and the parasites were identified by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and histochemistry. Prevalence (protozoans and metazoans) and abundance (metazoans) were recorded. The 12 protozoans iound were: an intestinal diplomonadid flagellate, the ectoparasitic kinetoplastid Ichthyohodo necator, and the clhates Ichthyophthlnus multifiliis, Chilodonella piscicola, Capriniana (Tr~chophrya) sp., Tr~chodina nigra, 7. mutabills, 7 fultoni, Trichodinella epizootlca, Apiosoma sp., Amblphrya sp and Epistylis sp The 10 metazoan species found were: the inyxosporean organism PKX, the monogeneans Gyrodactylus derlavinl and G. salaris, the digeneans Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata, the cestodes PI-oteocephalus exlguus. P. long~coll~s, Eubothnum crassum, and Triaenophorus nodulosus, and the crustacean Argulus fohaceus. The diplomonad occurred predominantly in anorectic undersized fish, and was associated with mortality. I necator produced discoloration a n d epidermal hyperplasia and I. niultlflllls infections were associated with mortalities. G. salai-IS and G. derjavini produced alterations (lesions and hyperplasia) of the host epidermis visible in the scanning electron microscope. Soine D spathaceum infections caused cataract. Prevalence of I. mult~filiis increased with temperatul-e (maximum at 16 to 20°C), whereas the diplomonad had h~g h e s t prevalence at l to 5°C Likewise, the gyrodactylids occurred more abundantly at lower temperatures KEY WORDS R a~n b o w trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Parasites Protozoa hletazoa Fish farming Aquaculture Ep~demiology

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Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish

Cited by 202 publications

References 51 publications

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of rainbow trout: temperature- and time-related changes ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeDNA in the kidney

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of rainbow trout: temperature- and time-related changes ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonaeDNA in the kidney

Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Parasitic infections in pond-reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Denmark

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