“…One not fully elucidated problem is the participation of neuronal substances in pathological processes. Contrary to the stomach and intestine, where reactions of the ENS to various diseases are relatively well known (Gonkowski, Burlinski et al., ; Wojtkiewicz et al., , ), the knowledge of the contribution of oesophageal neurons in adaptive and/or neuroprotective processes under pathological factors is rather scanty. As acknowledged, previous studies have described changes in the expression of various neuronal active substances within oesophageal nervous structures during different diseases, including reflux disease (Xu et al., ), meso‐oesophagus (Nascimento et al., ), as well as oesophageal stenosis (Singaram, Sweet, Gaumnitz, Cameron, & Camilleri, ) and atresia (Cheng, Bishop, Spitz, & Polak, ), but the exact mechanisms of these changes remain unknown.…”