Proliferative activity in primary breast carcinomas is a salient prognostic factor

Abstract

This article describes alternative GDP formulation and convex hull representations for process synthesis problems and their implementation in a unique MINLP process synthesizer MIPSYN. A special translation of variables in mixed‐integer, relaxed, and logic‐based variations has been proposed, which enables modeling and solving process alternatives in a narrowed lifted space of variables, defined by nonzero lower and upper bounds. Based on these translation variations, alternative formulations have been developed for convex hulls, multiple‐term generalized disjunctive programming problems, and logic‐based outer‐approximation algorithm, all of them being specialized for the synthesis of process flowsheets. Several studies were performed and three different large‐scale synthesis problems were solved to test the performance and efficiency of different formulations. This initial research indicates that the proposed alternative convex hull representation usually outperforms the conventional one when solving both MILP and NLP steps in highly combinatorial MINLP process networks problems. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009

Combined flow cytometry determination of S-phase fraction and DNA ploidy is an independent prognostic factor in node-negative invasive breast carcinoma: analysis of a series of 271 patients with stage I and II breast cancer

“…In the overall population, patients with medium or high SPF values clearly had lower DFS and MFS rates than patients with low SPF values, in line with the results of many other studies [1,3,5,28,20,32,33]. In the nodenegative subgroup, high SPF values distinguished patients with a higher risk of recurrence, in agreement with previous findings [3,5,8,22,27,33].…”

“…In the present series, we observed a particularly good prognosis (MFS rate ¼ 100%) among node-negative patients with low SPF values, suggesting that additional therapy may be unnecessary in this subgroup. This was also suggested by the San Antonio Specialized Programs of Research Excellence breast cancer database, and by other authors [25,28,33], and is probably insufficiently taken into account in clinical practice.…”

A Cell Proliferation Signature Is a Marker of Extremely Poor Outcome in a Subpopulation of Breast Cancer Patients

“…These predictions are not as strong as those based on the gene expression classifier, but much better than the predictions by clinical variables for the entire patient populations, where the hazard ratio is typically around 2 (refs. 25,32,34). Figure 4 compares the metastasis-free probability and overall survival rate for low (grade = 1) and high grades (grade = 2 or 3) in the ER/age high group and ER/age low, respectively.…”

Ki-67 expression in primary breast carcinomas and their axillary lymph node metastases: clinical implications

“…The proliferative capacity of breast cancer is an important prognostic factor and can be evaluated by a variety of methods such as number of mitoses per 10 high power field (HPF), thymidine labeling index, bromodeoxyuridine labeling, S-phase fraction, and Ki-67 /MIB-1 antigen, Ki-S1 antigen, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferative index [4,11,17,24]. Determination of the proliferative index by means of immunohistochemistry (IHC) represents an easy and reliable method of assessing tumour cell proliferation in breast cancer [1,23].…”