“…TNFα has been shown to inhibit [40, 41], have no effect [42]and stimulate [41, 43, 44]SMC proliferation in vitro. Several [3, 4, 22, 43, 45], but not all [5, 31, 46], studies of cultured rat, rabbit and human SMC have demonstrated mitogenic effects of IL-1β and cooperative interactions with PDGF with regard to mitogenesis. These variable reports cannot be explained by species or dosage differences.…”