Prolactin levels in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a retrospective case–control study

Abstract

Purpose Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is due to hypothalamic dysregulation. Literature lacks data about prolactin in FHA women, although both prolactin levels and FHA are associated with stress. Moreover, polycystic ovarian morphology is common in FHA and there is an association between FHA and polycystic ovary syndrome. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess prolactin levels in FHA patients and controls with a special focus on factors influencing prolactin levels, that could be considered as “sensors” of the hypothalamic–pituitary dysregulation. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, 140 women with clearly defined FHA were compared to 70 healthy, normally ovulating women matched for age. The main outcome parameter was prolactin. Factors associated with prolactin levels > 12 µg/L were tested using a multivariable binary logistic regression model. Results The median prolactin level was 11.5 µg/L (interquartile range, IQR 7.5–14.4), which was similar to the control group (median 10.7, IQR 8.3–14.5; p = 0.065). Only two women had hyperprolactinemia (prolactin > 25 µg/L; 1.4%). In a multivariable binary logistic regression model eating disorder (odds ratio, OR 0.206; p = 0.040), excessive exercise (OR 0.280; p = 0.031) and TSH (OR 1.923; p = 0.020) were significantly associated with prolactin levels > 12 µg/L. Conclusion Women with FHA have similar prolactin levels to healthy age-matched individuals. Eating disorders and excessive exercise where associated with prolactin levels < 12 µg/L, in contrast to TSH.

The LH:FSH Ratio in Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: An Observational Study

“…It has been mentioned that the prolactin level could be considered a “sensor” of the hypothalamic–pituitary dysregulation even when it is within the normal range [ 36 ]. As shown previously by our study group, eating disorders and excessive exercise tended to lower prolactin levels in FHA women [ 37 ]. Therefore, the lower the LH:FSH ratio, the lower the prolactin level.…”