Prokaryote Characterization and Identification

Trüper, Hans G.; Schleifer, Karl Heinz

doi:10.1007/0-387-30741-9_4

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…In contrast most “true” Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by two different cell membranes and they contain only a thin peptidoglycan layer in the periplasmic compartment that is bounded by the inner and outer membranes (Stanier et al . 1976 ; Murray 1986 ; Truper and Schleifer 1992 ; Gupta 1998b ; Sutcliffe 2010 ). Although these differences in the cell envelope characteristics of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have long been known, due to the variability of Gram-staining response and polyphyletic branching of these two groups of bacteria in the 16S rRNA gene and other phylogenetic trees (Olsen and Woese 1993 ; Ludwig and Klenk 2005 ), the possibility that the cells with two membranes (diderm bacteria) might be phylogenetically distinct from monoderm prokaryotes was not recognized until 1998.…”

Section: Introduction—complexity Of the Bacterial Cell Envelopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes

Gupta

2011

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

136

108

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The prokaryotic organisms can be divided into two main groups depending upon whether their cell envelopes contain one membrane (monoderms) or two membranes (diderms). It is important to understand how these and other variations that are observed in the cell envelopes of prokaryotic organisms have originated. In 2009, James Lake proposed that cells with two membranes (primarily Gram-negative bacteria) originated from an ancient endosymbiotic event involving an Actinobacteria and a Clostridia (Lake 2009). However, this Perspective argues that this proposal is based on a number of incorrect assumptions and the data presented in support of this model are also of questionable nature. Thus, there is no reliable evidence to support the endosymbiotic origin of double membrane bacteria. In contrast, many observations suggest that antibiotic selection pressure was an important selective force in prokaryotic evolution and that it likely played a central role in the evolution of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria. Some bacterial phyla, such as Deinococcus-Thermus, which lack lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and yet contain some characteristics of the diderm bacteria, are postulated as evolutionary intermediates (simple diderms) in the transition between the monoderm bacterial taxa and the bacterial groups that have the archetypal LPS-containing outer cell membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria. It is possible to distinguish the two stages in the evolution of diderm-LPS cells (viz. monoderm bacteria → simple diderms lacking LPS → LPS containing archetypal diderm bacteria) by means of conserved inserts in the Hsp70 and Hsp60 proteins. The insert in the Hsp60 protein also distinguishes the traditional Gram-negative diderm bacterial phyla from atypical taxa of diderm bacteria (viz. Negativicutes, Fusobacteria, Synergistetes and Elusimicrobia). The Gram-negative bacterial phyla with an LPS-diderm cell envelope, as defined by the presence of the Hsp60 insert, are indicated to form a monophyletic clade and no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group seems to have occurred. This argues against the origin of monoderm prokaryotes from diderm bacteria by loss of outer membrane.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introduction—complexity Of the Bacterial Cell Envelopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes

Gupta

2011

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

136

108

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“…Cinco Com relação à análise filogenética, a amplificação da região 16S do DNA ribossomal dos rizóbios isolados de alfafa produtores de ácido indolacético com os oligonucleotídeos 8F e 1492R foi de aproximadamente 1000bp para todas as bactérias sequenciadas (Tabela 3). Fragmentos com esse tamanho têm sido considerados suficientes para se realizar a identificação correta de procariotos (TRÜPER et al, 2006), por abranger quase todo o tamanho esperado do gene 16S do DNA ribossomal (WEISBURG et al, 1991).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Caracterização e influência de rizóbios isolados de alfafa na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de arroz

et al. 2011

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“…To determine which potential diazotrophs are associated with an insect, specific detection can be accomplished by applying the traditional culture‐dependent technique of growing the bacteria on a nitrogen‐free medium (Martinez‐Romero, ). In the past, bacterial identification was conducted using an array of biochemical tests, but nowadays, the use of molecular tools has simplified the process, by amplification and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and/or the nif operon genes encoding for the nitrogenase enzyme (Osborn & Smith, ; Trüper & Schleifer, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do we know about biological nitrogen fixation in insects? Evidence and implications for the insect and the ecosystem

Bar-Shmuel

Behar²,

Segoli

2019

Insect Science

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Many insects feed on a low-nitrogen diet, and the origin of their nitrogen supply is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that some insects rely on nitrogen-fixing bacteria (diazotrophs) to supplement their diets. Nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs has been extensively studied and convincingly demonstrated in termites, while evidence for the occurrence and role of nitrogen fixation in the diet of other insects is less conclusive. Here, we summarize the methods to detect nitrogen fixation in insects and review the available evidence for its occurrence (focusing on insects other than termites). We distinguish between three aspects of nitrogen fixation investigations: (i) detecting the presence of potential diazotrophs; (ii) detecting the activity of the nitrogen-fixing enzyme; and (iii) detecting the assimilation of fixed nitrogen into the insect tissues. We show that although evidence from investigations of the first aspect reveals ample opportunities for interactions with potential diazotrophs in a variety of insects, demonstrations of actual biological nitrogen fixation and the assimilation of fixed nitrogen are restricted to very few insect groups, including wood-feeding beetles, fruit flies, leafcutter ants, and a wood wasp. We then discuss potential implications for the insect's fitness and for the ecosystem as a whole. We suggest that combining these multiple approaches is crucial for the study of nitrogen fixation in insects, and argue that further demonstrations are desperately needed in order to determine the relative importance of diazotrophs for insect diet and fitness, as well as to evaluate their overall impact on the ecosystem.

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Prokaryote Characterization and Identification

Cited by 12 publications

References 103 publications

Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes

Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria: antibiotic selection pressure rather than endosymbiosis likely led to the evolution of bacterial cells with two membranes

Caracterização e influência de rizóbios isolados de alfafa na germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de arroz

What do we know about biological nitrogen fixation in insects? Evidence and implications for the insect and the ecosystem

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