Projections of supraspinal structures to the phrenic motor nucleus in cats studied by a horseradish peroxidase microinjection method

Onai, Takeshi; Miura, Mitsuhiko

doi:10.1016/0165-1838(86)90051-2

Cited by 35 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Although both rat and cat have a VRG and a cluster of bulbospinal neurons to represent a DRG, there are significant differences in neuronal distribution. The ratio of VRG to NTS bulbospinal neurons with projections to the phrenic nucleus is three to one or less in cat (Onai and Miura, 1986). The present results indicate the VRG:NTS ratio in rat is ten to one or greater.…”

Section: Difference In Respiratory Network In Rat and Catsupporting

confidence: 44%

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Brainstem network controlling descending drive to phrenic motoneurons in rat

Dobbins¹,

Feldman²

1994

J of Comparative Neurology

444

338

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Contraction of the diaphragm is controlled by phrenic motoneurons that receive input from sources that are not fully established. Bulbospinal (second-order) neurons projecting to phrenic motoneurons and propriobulbar (third-order) neurons projecting to these bulbspinal neurons were investigated in rat by transsynaptic transport of the neuroinvasive pseudorabies virus. Bulbospinal neurons were located predominantly in the medullary lateral tegmental field in two functionally described regions, the ventral respiratory group and Bötzinger complex. An intervening region, the pre-Bötzinger complex, contained essentially no phrenic premotoneurons. Bulbospinal neurons were also located in ventral, interstitial, and ventrolateral subnuclei of the solitary tract, and gigantocellular, Kölliker-Fuse, parabrachial, and medullary raphe nuclei. A monosynaptic pathway to phrenic motoneurons from the nucleus of the solitary tract was confirmed; monosynaptic pathways from upper cervical spinal cord, spinal trigeminal nucleus, medical and lateral vestibular nuclei, and medial pontine tegmentum were not verified. Locations of third-order neurons were consistent with described projections to the ventral respiratory group, from contralateral ventral respiratory group, Bötzinger complex, A5 noradrenergic cell group, and the following nuclei; solitary, raphe, Kölliker-Fuse, parabrachial, retrotrapezoid, and paragigantocellular. Novel findings included a projection from locus coeruleus to respiratory premotoneurons and the lack of previously described pathways from area postrema and spinal trigeminal nucleus. These second- and third-order neurons from the output network for diphragm motor control which includes numerous behaviors (e.g., respiration, phonation, defecation). Of the premotoneurons, the rostral ventral respiratory group is the primary population controlling phrenic motoneurons.

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Section: Difference In Respiratory Network In Rat and Catsupporting

confidence: 44%

“…Note the lack of labeled neurons. Asterisks circumscribe region in which neurons would be found after 72 bulbospinal NTS to VRG neurons is significantly less than in cat (Onai and Miura, 1986).…”

Section: Medullamentioning

confidence: 99%

Brainstem network controlling descending drive to phrenic motoneurons in rat

Dobbins¹,

Feldman²

1994

J of Comparative Neurology

444

338

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“…In view of the intricate organization of the ventrolateral medullary tegmentum in rat and cat (Ross et al, 1985;Onai and Miura, 1986); however, such speculations are premature. numerous reticulospinal cells in this area (predominantly ipsilateral), while the parvocellular reticular field only showed a few labeled cells.…”

Section: Medullospinal Reticular Fieldsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Efferents from the lateral frontal cortex to spinomedullary target areas, trigeminal nuclei, and spinally projecting brainstem regions in the hedgehog tenrec

Künzle

Lotter

1996

J. Comp. Neurol.

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This study was done in the Madagascan lesser hedgehog tenrec, an insectivore with a very poorly differentiated neocortex. The cortical region, known to give rise to spinal projections, was injected with tracer, and the cortical efferents to brainstem and spinal cord were analyzed. Bulbar reticular fields, in addition, were identified according to their cells of origin and the laterality of their spinal projections after injection of tracer. Only few cortical fibers could be traced from the bulbar pyramid into the ipsilateral spinal cord, particularly to the lateral funiculus. The projections to the dorsal column nuclei and the classical spinally projecting brainstem regions were also weak. Faint projections were demonstrated to the nucleus of the posterior commissure and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. In comparison to other mammals, there was no evidence that the contralateral cortico-bulbo-spinal pathway was strengthened, substituting for the almost non-existent contralateral corticospinal projection. Unlike the sensorimotor apparatus controlling limb and body movements, the brainstem regions controlling the head and neck received prominent cortical projections. Direct corticotrigeminal projections and indirect pathways were well represented. The projections to the trigeminal nuclei and the lateral reticular fields were clearly bilateral; those to the superior colliculus were predominantly ipsilateral. The corticobulbar fibers left the pyramid along its entire extent; the principal trigeminal nucleus and the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum were supplied by additional fibers of the corticotegmental tract. The lateral frontal cortex also projected densely to the dorsolateral hypothalamus, the periaqueductal gray, and the adjacent mesencephalic tegmentum, components of the emotional motor system.

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“…Use of two recombinants of pseudorabies virus that could be independently detected showed that some mMRF neurons influence the activity of both the diaphragm and abdominal muscles (Billig et al 2000). The neural circuitry providing inputs to phrenic motoneurons has also been traced in cats, by injecting the transneuronal tracer rabies virus into the diaphragm (Lois et al 2009) as well as by placing the retrograde monosynaptic tracer horseradish peroxidase into the vicinity of diaphragm motoneurons (Rikard-Bell et al 1984; Onai and Miura 1986). Both approaches suggested that the descending motor pathways that regulate diaphragm activity are more extensive in cats than in ferrets (Yates et al 1999) or rodents (Dobbins and Feldman 1994), and arise from neurons in the pontine medial reticular formation (pMRF) and lateral, medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, as well as the brainstem respiratory groups and mMRF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of neural pathways that influence diaphragm activity and project to the lumbar spinal cord in cats

et al. 2010

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During breathing, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract out of phase. However, during other behaviors (including vomiting, postural adjustments, and locomotion) simultaneous contractions are required of the diaphragm and other muscle groups including abdominal muscles. Recent studies in cats using transneuronal tracing techniques showed that in addition to neurons in the respiratory groups, cells in the inferior and lateral vestibular nuclei (VN) and medial pontomedullary reticular formation (MRF) influence diaphragm activity. The goal of the present study was to determine if neurons in these regions have collateralized projections to both diaphragm motoneurons and the lumbar spinal cord. For this purpose, the transneuronal tracer rabies virus was injected into the diaphragm and the monosynaptic retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) was injected into the Th13-L1 spinal segments. A large fraction of MRF and VN neurons (median of 72 and 91%, respectively) that were infected by rabies virus were dual-labeled by FG. These data show that many MRF and VN neurons that influence diaphragm activity also have a projection to the lumbar spinal cord, and thus likely are involved in coordinating behaviors that require synchronized contractions of the diaphragm and other muscle groups.

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Projections of supraspinal structures to the phrenic motor nucleus in cats studied by a horseradish peroxidase microinjection method

Cited by 35 publications

References 28 publications

Brainstem network controlling descending drive to phrenic motoneurons in rat

Brainstem network controlling descending drive to phrenic motoneurons in rat

Efferents from the lateral frontal cortex to spinomedullary target areas, trigeminal nuclei, and spinally projecting brainstem regions in the hedgehog tenrec

Mapping of neural pathways that influence diaphragm activity and project to the lumbar spinal cord in cats

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