Projections of IoT Applications in Colombia Using 5G Wireless Networks

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The growing global demand for food and the environmental impact caused by agriculture have made this activity increasingly dependent on electronics, information technology, and telecommunications technologies. In Colombia, agriculture is of great importance not only as a commercial activity, but also as a source of food and employment. However, the concept of smart agriculture has not been widely applied in this country, resulting in the high production of various types of crops due to the planting of large areas of land, rather than optimization of the processes involved in the activity. Due to its technical characteristics and the radio spectrum considered in its deployment, 5G can be seen as one of the technologies that could generate the greatest benefits for the Colombian agricultural sector, especially in the most remote rural areas, which currently lack mobile network coverage. This article provides an overview of the current 5G technology landscape in Colombia and presents examples of possible 5G/IoT applications that could be developed in Colombian fields. The results show that 5G could facilitate the implementation of the smart farm in Colombia, improving current production and efficiency. It is useful when designing 5G implementation plans and strategies, since it categorizes crops by regions and products. This is based on budget availability, population density, and regional development plans, among others.

Section: Analysis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precision Agriculture and Sensor Systems Applications in Colombia through 5G Networks

Arrubla-Hoyos

Ojeda-Beltrán

Solano-Barliza

et al. 2022

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“…Therefore, FSPL losses are usually summed to calculate path losses [15]. Equation (7) describes the losses in free space, where the frequency (f ) is expressed in MHz and the distance from the receiving antenna to the transmitting antenna d is given in kilometers [59]:…”

Section: Radiowave Propagation Models For Wsns In Agricultural or Veg...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of nodes that can be deployed and interconnected ranges from one or two units to thousands, depending on geographical coverage and topography [ 5 ], which is enhanced by the mMTC (Massive Machine-Type Communication) scenario of 5G [ 7 , 8 ]. The correct deployment of the nodes in the field is based on the efficient management of the transmitter power, knowing beforehand the signal attenuation through an adequate propagation model that leads to adequate data collection [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling Radio Wave Propagation for Wireless Sensor Networks in Vegetated Environments: A Systematic Literature Review

Barrios-Ulloa

Ariza-Colpas

Sánchez-Moreno

et al. 2022

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The use of wireless sensor networks (WSN) for monitoring variables in agricultural environments and natural forests has been increasing in recent years. However, the sizing of these systems is affected by the inaccuracy of the radio wave propagation models used, leading to possible increased costs and measurement errors. This systematic literature review (SLR) aims to identify propagation models widely used in WSN deployments in agricultural or naturally vegetated environments and their effectiveness in estimating signal losses. We also identified today’s wireless technologies most used in precision agriculture (PA) system implementations. In addition, the results of studies focused on the development of new propagation models for different environments are evaluated. Scientific and technical analysis is presented based on articles consulted in different specialized databases, which were selected according to different combinations of criteria. The results show that, in most of the application cases, vegetative models present high error values when estimating attenuation.

“…Since the radio spectrum below 1 GHz and from 1 to 6 GHz is saturated with wireless services at some intervals, a portion of the centimeter waves (above 6 GHz up to 30 GHz) and millimeter waves (between 30 and 300 GHz) will enable the bandwidth needed in 5G, as is the case with eMMB aimed at offering high-speed, low-latency services. To this end, the United States auctioned spectrum blocks at 24, 28, 37, 39, and 47 GHz [ 25 ], and Brazil and Sweden at 26 GHz [ 26 , 27 ]. The most prominent challenge to overcome in the efficient deployment of 5G using the centimeter and millimeter bands is the increase in radio signal attenuation as the frequency increases, requiring rigorous planning of the radio infrastructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Mobile Communications in Colombia and Introduction to 5G

Barrios-Ulloa

Cama-Pinto

Arrabal-Campos

et al. 2023

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The deployment of 5G around the world continues to progress at a rapid pace, especially in North America and Asia. Its advantages and efficiency as a data transmission network have been widely demonstrated in different fields such as agriculture, education, health, and surveillance. However, this process does not have the same dynamics in Latin America, specifically in Colombia. The country is currently implementing actions aimed at facilitating the deployment of this technology in the short term, including pilot tests for the use of the radio spectrum, spectrum auctions, the planning of future auctions, and the review of spectrum caps. The results of this review allow us to conclude that despite the forecasts and the intentions of the Colombian government and mobile communication service operators, 5G in standalone mode will not be commercially available in Colombia before the end of 2023. The main failures in its deployment are related to the lack of available spectrum to support the ultrahigh-reliability and low-latency, enhanced mobile broadband, and massive machine-type communications scenarios, as well as the delay in the auction processes for its assignment.