Projected status of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in the twenty-first century

Jay, Chadwick V.; Marcot, Bruce G.; Douglas, David C.

doi:10.1007/s00300-011-0967-4

Cited by 83 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Ice-obligate species that use ice as a platform for raising young (e.g., ringed seal pupping lairs) (NOAA, 2012) or for hunting (e.g., for polar bears, Ursus maritimus), or whose prey species are closely or directly linked to ice [e.g., Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) (Forcada et al, 2008)] may be particularly vulnerable to declines in the extent of seasonal and multi-year ice. While some forecasting work has already been done for polar bears, ice seals, and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) in the context of endangered species determinations under the ESA (Jay et al, 2011;Regehr et al, 2016), additional work is required to develop and refine models for species residing or occurring seasonally in high latitudes.…”

Section: Priority Actions and Exemplar Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting Marine Mammal Distribution in a Changing Climate

et al. 2017

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Climate-related shifts in marine mammal range and distribution have been observed in some populations; however, the nature and magnitude of future responses are uncertain in novel environments projected under climate change. This poses a challenge for agencies charged with management and conservation of these species. Specialized diets, restricted ranges, or reliance on specific substrates or sites (e.g., for pupping) make many marine mammal populations particularly vulnerable to climate change. High-latitude, predominantly ice-obligate, species have experienced some of the largest changes in habitat and distribution and these are expected to continue. Efforts to predict and project marine mammal distributions to date have emphasized data-driven statistical habitat models. These have proven successful for short time-scale (e.g., seasonal) management activities, but confidence that such relationships will hold for multi-decade projections and novel environments is limited. Recent advances in mechanistic modeling of marine mammals (i.e., models that rely on robust physiological and ecological principles expected to hold under climate change) may address this limitation. The success of such approaches rests on continued advances in marine mammal ecology, behavior, and physiology together with improved regional climate projections. The broad scope of this challenge suggests initial priorities be placed on vulnerable species or populations (those already experiencing declines or projected to undergo ecological shifts resulting from climate Silber et al.Projecting Marine Mammal Distributions changes that are consistent across climate projections) and species or populations for which ample data already exist (with the hope that these may inform climate change sensitivities in less well observed species or populations elsewhere). The sustained monitoring networks, novel observations, and modeling advances required to more confidently project marine mammal distributions in a changing climate will ultimately benefit management decisions across time-scales, further promoting the resilience of marine mammal populations.

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Section: Priority Actions and Exemplar Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projecting Marine Mammal Distribution in a Changing Climate

et al. 2017

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“…Their range is primarily from the eastern East Siberian Sea to the western Beaufort Sea and southward into the Bering Sea from eastern Kamchatka to Bristol Bay (Fay 1985). They forage along the continental shelves of the Chukchi and Bering Seas (Fay & Burns 1988, Jay et al 2011, and although they feed on a wide variety of organisms, their diets are dominated by clams, snails, and polychaete worms (Fay 1982, Sheffield & Grebmeier 2009). Sea ice is important, because it provides a plat form for walruses to rest, nurse, and gain access to offshore foraging grounds (Fay 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of summer sea ice over the continental shelf in the Chukchi Sea over the past decade has resulted in increased use of terrestrial haul-outs by adult female and young walruses (Jay & Fischbach 2008, Kavry et al 2008. As summer sea ice extent continues to decline, it is expected that the number of walruses converging on coastal haul-outs and the time they spend ashore will increase (Jay et al 2011). However, the ability of the localized food supply in these regions to support large numbers of walruses over the long term is unknown (Ovsyanikov et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergetics model for estimating food requirements of female Pacific walruses Odobenus rosmarus divergens

Noren¹,

Udevitz²,

Jay³

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Walruses are highly dependent on the sea ice as resting platforms while foraging far from the shore (Kovacs et al 2011). Due to the recently observed reduction in the seasonal sea ice cover, walruses may have to change their preferred foraging sites and thus an increased foraging pressure on the preferred bivalve species may be expected (Jay et al 2011(Jay et al , 2012(Jay et al , 2014, potentially depleting local populations (Coyle et al 2007). In such an eventuality, sipunculans may play a larger role as a walrus prey item.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sipunculan fauna in the Pacific Arctic region: a significant component of benthic infaunal communities

2017

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The Sipuncula show low species diversity in the Arctic Ocean, but they often occur in very high numbers and biomass, and can dominate shelf benthic communities. We describe here the patterns of sipunculan diversity, abundance, biomass, and species distribution in the Pacific Arctic, and the relation of those patterns to controlling environmental factors. Five species (including two subspecies) belonging to two families and three genera are known to be present in Pacific-influenced Arctic waters. Although sipunculans were found at only about 30% of sampled stations, they constituted, if present, up to about 10% of the total macrobenthic abundance, and over 80% of the total infaunal biomass, particularly in many locations in the Chukchi Sea. The mean sipunculan abundance was 24.5 ± 155.9 individuals m -2 , with a maximum of 1745 individuals m -2 . The mean sipunculan biomass was 14.0 ± 73.8 g wet weight m -2 , with a maximum of 698.7 g wet weight m -2 in the northwest Chukchi Sea. The sipunculan abundances and biomass observed were related to latitude, depth, and sediment characteristics. The populations observed should be considered significant and characteristic components of the Pacific Arctic shallow shelf systems and food webs. This conclusion proves to be true also for other Arctic shelf seas like the Barents Sea, and deep Arctic ecosystems.

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Projected status of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in the twenty-first century

Cited by 83 publications

References 33 publications

Projecting Marine Mammal Distribution in a Changing Climate

Projecting Marine Mammal Distribution in a Changing Climate

Bioenergetics model for estimating food requirements of female Pacific walruses Odobenus rosmarus divergens

Sipunculan fauna in the Pacific Arctic region: a significant component of benthic infaunal communities

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