Projected impacts of land use and road network changes on increasing flood hazards using a 4D GIS: A case study in Makkah metropolitan area, Saudi Arabia

Dawod, Gomaa M.; Mirza, Meraj N.; Al‐Ghamdi, Khalid A.; Elzahrany, Ramze A.

doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0876-7

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…According to the 2013 Central Department of Statistics and Information (CDSI) census data, it has a population Over the past 30 years, both Makkah city and Al-Taif have experienced rapid urbanization and exhibit a wide variety of land use and land cover types. Makkah, as the most revered holy place of the international Muslim community, receives more than 3 million visitors annually, embracing the rituals of the Hajj pilgrimage [24]. Natural growth and both internal and external migration has led to a large population increase in Makkah with many pilgrims deciding to remain in the city after their pilgrimage [25].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in the Saudi Arabian Desert Cities of Makkah and Al-Taif Using Satellite Data

Alqurashi¹,

Kumar²

2014

ARS

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Land use/land cover (LULC) changes have become a central issue in current global change and sustainability research. Saudi Arabia has undergone significant change in land use and land cover since the government embarked on a course of intense national development 30 years ago, as a result of huge national oil revenues. This study evaluates LULC change in Makkah and Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia from 1986 to 2013 using Landsat images. Maximum likelihood and object-oriented classification were used to develop LULC maps. The change detection was executed using post-classification comparison and GIS. The results indicated that urban areas have increased over the period by approximately 174% in Makkah and 113% in Al-Taif. Analysis of vegetation cover over the study area showed a variable distribution from year to year due to changing average precipitation in this environment. Object-based classification provided slightly greater accuracy than maximum likelihood classification. Information provided by satellite remote sensing can play an important role in quantifying and understanding the relationship between population growth and LULC changes, which can assist future planning and potential environmental impacts of expanding urban areas.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in the Saudi Arabian Desert Cities of Makkah and Al-Taif Using Satellite Data

Alqurashi¹,

Kumar²

2014

ARS

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“…The annual rainfall over Makkah City varied from 3.8 to 318.5 mm from 1966 to 2010, with an annual average of 102.6 mm (Dawod et al 2013). Due to the lack of rainfall data for several storms that occurred recently, such as the storm event of November 23, 2018, and because recorded data is available only on a daily time scale as available in the website of the Ministry of Water and Electricity (MOWE, 2021) -Saudi Arabia (website: https://app.mewa.gov.sa/DailyRainsNews/Rain_Dams.aspx), another source of rainfall data is required.…”

Section: Rainfall Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Physically-based, distributed hydrologic model for Makkah watershed using GPM satellite rainfall and ground rainfall stations

Al-Areeq

Al-Zahrani

Sharif

2021

Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk

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The purpose of this study is to understand flooding in a 1,725km 2 arid catchment in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia, with very limited ground observations. This mountainous catchment includes densely urbanized areas built on lowlands and in the ephemeral streams of flood zones, which makes them vulnerable to flooding. A physically based, fully distributed hydrologic model was produced by three Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (IMERG) high-resolution satellite rainfall products, together with a limited number of ground observations to simulate recent flood events. The hydrologic model was calibrated and validated using two events that occurred in 2010 and 2018, respectively. Details of the flooding in the urbanized areas were examined through simulation of a third event. Significant differences were noticed when the three IMERG rainfall products (Early, Late, and Final) were compared in terms of the spatial patterns and total half-hour accumulation for the three events. Accordingly, a method was developed to remove the biases of IMERG rainfall estimates using ground observations. The Early product was the closest to ground observations, producing peak discharges of 428 m 3 /s and 663.6 m 3 /s for calibration and validation storm events, respectively, and resulted in better estimates of the observed peak discharge even before adjustment. The Final run product significantly underestimated rainfall, as peak discharges of 204 m 3 /s and 123 m 3 /s for calibration and validation storm events, respectively, resulted in an amplified underestimation of the runoff.

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“…Although traditionally flooding and related natural events were perceived mainly as the acts of God, recent cases of flooding in cities, especially in developing countries are mostly anthropogenically induced (Zevenbergen et al 2012). Globally, cases and risks of flooding in cities are reported to be on the rise, with aspects of flooding linked to climate change and urbanisation (Dawod et al 2014;Fernandez and Lutz 2010;Jha et al 2011;Scott et al 2013). For instance in developing countries, rapid urbanisation, coupled with changing climate, is frequently reported as compelling rural residents to migrate to cities and settle in areas that are highly prone to flooding (Jha et al 2011;World Bank 2015).…”

Section: Urbanisation and Flooding In Ghanaian Cities: A Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Juggling through Ghanaian urbanisation: flood hazard mapping of Kumasi

Korah

Cobbinah

2016

GeoJournal

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More recently, driven by rapid and unguided urbanisation and climate change, Ghanaian cities are increasingly becoming hotspots for severe flood-related events. This paper reviews urbanisation dynamics in Ghanaian cities, and maps flood hazard zones and access to flood relief services in Kumasi, drawing insight from multi-criteria analysis and spatial network analysis using ArcGIS 10.2. Findings indicate that flood hazard zones in Kumasi have been created by natural (e.g., climate change) and anthropogenic (e.g., urbanisation) factors, and the interaction thereof. While one would have expected the natural factors to guide, direct and steer the patterns of urban development from flood hazard zones, the GIS analysis shows that anthropogenic factors, particularly urbanisation, are increasingly concentrating population and physical structures in areas liable to flooding in the urban environment. This situation is compounded by rapid land cover/use changes and widespread haphazard development across the city. Regrettably, findings show that urban residents living in flood hazard zones in Kumasi are also geographically disadvantaged in terms of access to emergency services compared to those living in wellplanned neighbourhoods.

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Projected impacts of land use and road network changes on increasing flood hazards using a 4D GIS: A case study in Makkah metropolitan area, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in the Saudi Arabian Desert Cities of Makkah and Al-Taif Using Satellite Data

Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection in the Saudi Arabian Desert Cities of Makkah and Al-Taif Using Satellite Data

Physically-based, distributed hydrologic model for Makkah watershed using GPM satellite rainfall and ground rainfall stations

Juggling through Ghanaian urbanisation: flood hazard mapping of Kumasi

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