Proinflammatory T cells and IL-17 stimulate osteoblast differentiation

Low‐Dose Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant Maintains Bone Homeostasis via Regulating Crosstalk between Bone Formation and Host T‐Cell Effector Immunity

“…T cells can affect bone homeostasis either directly or indirectly via the secretion of various cytokines and factors. [3] In accordance with previous report, [10] our study also identifies IFN-𝛾 as the most essential factor that mediates the effects of activated T cells on bone formation. Interestingly, several clinical studies also identified IFN-𝛾 as a potential factor involved in primary osteoporosis.…”

Low‐Dose Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant Maintains Bone Homeostasis via Regulating Crosstalk between Bone Formation and Host T‐Cell Effector Immunity

“…T cells can affect bone homeostasis either directly or indirectly via the secretion of various cytokines and factors. [3] In accordance with previous report, [10] our study also identifies IFN-𝛾 as the most essential factor that mediates the effects of activated T cells on bone formation. Interestingly, several clinical studies also identified IFN-𝛾 as a potential factor involved in primary osteoporosis.…”

T cells and macrophages jointly modulate osteogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells

“…Chronic inflammation disrupts bone formation and can lead to excessive activity of osteoclasts, thereby hindering bone healing and contributing to nonunion 24 . Previous studies have shown that coculturing MSCs with activated Th cells promotes bone formation, while coculturing MSCs with nonactivated Th cells does not increase bone formation 25 . Similary, our result showed that non‐activated Th cells did not influence calcified matrix formation by MSCs.…”

“…24 Previous studies have shown that coculturing MSCs with activated Th cells promotes bone formation, while coculturing MSCs with nonactivated Th cells does not increase bone formation. 25 Similary, our result showed that non-activated Th cells did not influence calcified matrix formation by MSCs. However coculturing MSCs, Mφ, and nonactivated Th cells at a ratio of 1:5:10 had a positive impact on bone formation.…”

Local induction of inflammation affects bone formation

“…During normal bone fracture healing, bone-promoting growth factors are supported by factors associated with the inflammatory response (Cho et al, 2002;Mountziaris et al, 2011;Rundle et al, 2006). Similarly, we previously observed in vitro that proinflammatory mediators require a second, osteogenic stimulus in order to contribute to osteogenesis Croes et al, 2016). This agrees with the current finding that the co-delivery of these factors creates a potent stimulus for new bone formation.…”

Low‐Dose Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant Maintains Bone Homeostasis via Regulating Crosstalk between Bone Formation and Host T‐Cell Effector Immunity

“…T cells can affect bone homeostasis either directly or indirectly via the secretion of various cytokines and factors. [3] In accordance with previous report, [10] our study also identifies IFN-𝛾 as the most essential factor that mediates the effects of activated T cells on bone formation. Interestingly, several clinical studies also identified IFN-𝛾 as a potential factor involved in primary osteoporosis.…”

T cells and macrophages jointly modulate osteogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells

“…Chronic inflammation disrupts bone formation and can lead to excessive activity of osteoclasts, thereby hindering bone healing and contributing to nonunion 24 . Previous studies have shown that coculturing MSCs with activated Th cells promotes bone formation, while coculturing MSCs with nonactivated Th cells does not increase bone formation 25 . Similary, our result showed that non‐activated Th cells did not influence calcified matrix formation by MSCs.…”

“…24 Previous studies have shown that coculturing MSCs with activated Th cells promotes bone formation, while coculturing MSCs with nonactivated Th cells does not increase bone formation. 25 Similary, our result showed that non-activated Th cells did not influence calcified matrix formation by MSCs. However coculturing MSCs, Mφ, and nonactivated Th cells at a ratio of 1:5:10 had a positive impact on bone formation.…”

Local induction of inflammation affects bone formation

“…During normal bone fracture healing, bone-promoting growth factors are supported by factors associated with the inflammatory response (Cho et al, 2002;Mountziaris et al, 2011;Rundle et al, 2006). Similarly, we previously observed in vitro that proinflammatory mediators require a second, osteogenic stimulus in order to contribute to osteogenesis Croes et al, 2016). This agrees with the current finding that the co-delivery of these factors creates a potent stimulus for new bone formation.…”

Low‐Dose Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 Mutant Maintains Bone Homeostasis via Regulating Crosstalk between Bone Formation and Host T‐Cell Effector Immunity

“…T cells can affect bone homeostasis either directly or indirectly via the secretion of various cytokines and factors. [3] In accordance with previous report, [10] our study also identifies IFN-𝛾 as the most essential factor that mediates the effects of activated T cells on bone formation. Interestingly, several clinical studies also identified IFN-𝛾 as a potential factor involved in primary osteoporosis.…”

T cells and macrophages jointly modulate osteogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells

“…Chronic inflammation disrupts bone formation and can lead to excessive activity of osteoclasts, thereby hindering bone healing and contributing to nonunion 24 . Previous studies have shown that coculturing MSCs with activated Th cells promotes bone formation, while coculturing MSCs with nonactivated Th cells does not increase bone formation 25 . Similary, our result showed that non‐activated Th cells did not influence calcified matrix formation by MSCs.…”

“…24 Previous studies have shown that coculturing MSCs with activated Th cells promotes bone formation, while coculturing MSCs with nonactivated Th cells does not increase bone formation. 25 Similary, our result showed that non-activated Th cells did not influence calcified matrix formation by MSCs. However coculturing MSCs, Mφ, and nonactivated Th cells at a ratio of 1:5:10 had a positive impact on bone formation.…”

Local induction of inflammation affects bone formation

“…During normal bone fracture healing, bone-promoting growth factors are supported by factors associated with the inflammatory response (Cho et al, 2002;Mountziaris et al, 2011;Rundle et al, 2006). Similarly, we previously observed in vitro that proinflammatory mediators require a second, osteogenic stimulus in order to contribute to osteogenesis Croes et al, 2016). This agrees with the current finding that the co-delivery of these factors creates a potent stimulus for new bone formation.…”