2005
DOI: 10.1016/s0012-3692(15)50413-3
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Proinflammatory Cytokines, Transforming Growth Factor-β1, and Fibrinolytic Enzymes in Loculated and Free-Flowing Pleural Exudates

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Cited by 62 publications
(53 citation statements)
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“…However, the study [5] reported neither the number of patients presenting with loculated effusions nor the effectiveness of pigtail drainage of the pleural fluid. Without the use of a fibrinolytic agent, pigtail drainage alone may be insufficient to clear loculated effusions [13,14], which may lessen the effect of early complete drainage in TB pleurisy, in which loculation of pleural effusions is not uncommon [8]. Therefore, studies comparing the usefulness of pigtail drainage in loculated and free-flowing TB pleurisy and on the role of intrapleural fibrinolytic agent in loculated TB pleurisy are mandatory.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…However, the study [5] reported neither the number of patients presenting with loculated effusions nor the effectiveness of pigtail drainage of the pleural fluid. Without the use of a fibrinolytic agent, pigtail drainage alone may be insufficient to clear loculated effusions [13,14], which may lessen the effect of early complete drainage in TB pleurisy, in which loculation of pleural effusions is not uncommon [8]. Therefore, studies comparing the usefulness of pigtail drainage in loculated and free-flowing TB pleurisy and on the role of intrapleural fibrinolytic agent in loculated TB pleurisy are mandatory.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fluid loculation at initial presentation may be of value in predicting the development or occurrence of RPT in TB pleurisy following completion of anti-TB medication [8,9]. The influence of therapeutic thoracentesis on the development of RPT has not been verified by previous studies [2][3][4][5].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…empyema; fibrinolysis; tissue plasminogen activator; single chain urokinase; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 INTRAPLEURAL FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY (IPFT) has been used to treat patients with organizing pleural injury that generally occurs in patients with empyema (EMP) or complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions. In these and preclinical situations, pleural fluid biomarkers such as decreased pH, high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and the detection of bacterial organisms are indicative of a propensity toward loculation, difficult drainage, and poor clinical outcomes (6,16,31,40). Although IPFT has been used for over sixty years (37,38), clinical dosing remains entirely empiric (7,8) and there is no form of IPFT currently approved by the FDA or, to our knowledge, by any international regulatory body.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%