Proinflammatory cytokines regulate epidermal stem cells in wound epithelialization

Abstract

The skin, which serves as the first barrier of the human body, is particularly susceptible to exogenous injuries. Skin wounds, including acute burns and chronic non-healing ulcers, are commonly observed in clinics. Healing of skin wounds is a complex process, consisting of infiltration of inflammatory cells, cellular proliferation, and tissue remodeling phases, which restore the integrity and functions of the skin. Epithelialization is involved in wound healing through re-establishing an intact keratinocyte layer. Epidermal stem cells are indispensable for epithelialization, and they are regulated by multiple proinflammatory cytokines or growth factors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the effect of these cytokines on migration, proliferation, and differentiation processes of epidermal stem cells. We also introduce promising therapeutic strategies targeting epidermal stem cells or related proinflammatory cytokines for patients with skin wounds.

Collagen/hyaluronan based hydrogels releasing sulfated hyaluronan improve dermal wound healing in diabetic mice via reducing inflammatory macrophage activity

“…Epithelialization of wounds requires the activation of keratinocytes to proliferate and migrate over the wound bed. Although this includes macrophage-derived cytokines such as TNF, IL-1b, and IL-6 [ 59 ], excessive release of these factors under pathological conditions leads to deregulated keratinocyte differentiation and promotes their pro-inflammatory activation [ 45 , 60 ]. We therefore assessed whether the modulation of macrophage responses by sHA has an impact on the activation of keratinocytes using a skin ex vivo culture model, which allows the investigation of keratinocytes in a more physiological three-dimensional environment [ 61 ].…”

Materials and Cytokines in the Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

“…[ 57 ] In our review we discuss signaling molecules most relevant to angiogenesis and macrophage chemotaxis, key factors in diabetic wound healing; a full discussion of the wide array of all chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, and the complex interplay of signaling between them is outside the scope of this review, and the reader is directed to other relevant publications. [ 56,58–65 ]…”

In silico Study of Trianthema portulacastrum Embedded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β: A Possible Contributor to its Enhanced in vivo Wound Healing Potential

“…Whereas IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, along with several growth factors such as Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) activated during inflammatory process is responsible for inhibition of synthesis of active macrophages from several proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). IL-6 is also engaged in process of angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis (Beserra et al, 2020;Xiao et al, 2020). Therefore, a successful wound healing mechanism may be attributed to the alleviation of aggravated levels of involved proinflammatory cytokines and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines expression.…”