Proinflammatory Cytokines In Plasma Of Children And Adults With Typhoid Fever And Resistance To Therapy

Abstract

T YPHOID fever a food-borne disease caused by Salmonella species, is a worldwide prevalent disease. In endemic areas, children are at highest risk owing to weaning from passively acquired maternal antibody and lack of acquired immunity. Several studies have been done to clarify the pathogenesis and underlying immune aspects of typhoid fever. The Objective is to study the changes of some proinflammatory cytokines in plasma of children and adults with typhoid fever and resistance to therapy. This study included 128 cases from which 34 consecutive children and adult admitted to Benha Fever Hospital with proven diagnosis of typhoid fever patients with typhoid fever resistant to combined therapy with Ciprofloxacin and Cefotax in addition to Zithrokan and Zantac have higher plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Toxic look, constipation and splenomegaly may be considered as indicators of drug resistance. Study of changes in the levels of some cytokines may offer a new dimension in the assessment of the clinical efficacy of antimicrobial therapy.

Evaluation of the efficiency of ciprofloxacin against S. Typhi by altering the production of cytokines in acute typhoid fever in patients at Al-Diwaniyah Hospitals, Iraq

“…As shown in (Figure 1A), the elevated level of IL-6 in the current study is in agreement with previous studies that suggested a noticeable increase in this cytokine in the early stage of inflammation by S. Typhi infection (Butler et al, 1993;Febriza et al, 2020). The present finding is also supported by Eman et al, (2021), who indicated that the levels of IL-6 in the serum of patients are significantly higher than in the comparison group (Eissa et al, 2018;Eman et al, 2021). Moreover, this result is similar to a recent study that showed a high concentration of IL-6 in patients with acute typhoid fever (Al-Dahhan et al, 2020).…”

“…It can also participate in recruiting phagocytosis cells to sites of infection to inhibit bacterial division in the acute infection (Tanaka et al, 2014). This finding supports other recent research which found that TNF-α levels increased in the acute inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria during the acute phase of infection (Eissa et al, 2018;Abdul-Hassan et al, 2020;Masriadi et al, 2020;Syarif et al, 2020).…”

Biological Threats in Diving Locations

“…A study conducted in Fayoum province and reported in 2006 estimated the incidence of typhoid fever at 59/100 000 people per year, with the highest incidence among school-aged children. Of 128 children and adult patients at Benha Fever Abd El-Ghany-Hospital, 34 were infected with typhoid fever [23,24].…”

Salmonellosis: A food borne zoonotic and public health disease in Egypt

“…Reported in 2006 a study conducted in Fayoum governorate estimated the incidence of typhoid fever to be 59/100,000 persons/year and the highest incidence occurred among school-aged children [11]. Out of 128 consecutive children and adult patients in Benha Fever Hospital, 34 were infected with typhoid fever [12]. The incidence of S. Typhi infection increased among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus [13,14].…”

“…A total of 76 non-typhoid Salmonellae were isolated from human and poultry in Egypt and Algeria and the isolates showed high incidence of cephalosporin's resistance [56]. A recent work of Eissa et al [12] demonstrated that patients with typhoid fever showed resistance to combined treatment with ciprofloxacin and Cefotax.…”