Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid From Patients With Nontyphoidal Salmonella Encephalopathy

Imamura, Mari; Nishi, Junichiro; Tamada, Izumi; Tenokuchi, Yoichi; Toyoshima, Mitsuo; Kawano, Yoshifumi

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e318166356c

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that these two biomarkers were upregulated in several neuronal disorders [Hopkins et al, ], including encephalitis [Ichiyama et al, ; Asano et al, ]. Increase in the CSF levels of these cytokine and chemokines may play an important role in pathogenesis of HHV‐6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion via recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils or activation of glial cells in central nervous system as previously suggested in other neurological diseases [Carson, ; Imamura et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Cytokine and chemokine responses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human herpesvirus 6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion

Kawamura

Yamazaki

Ohashi

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion has become increasingly common among various types of human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) encephalitis at the time of primary viral infection. The aim of the present study is to explore the pathophysiology of HHV-6B-associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Five cytokines and five chemokines were measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 12 HHV-6B-associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion patients and 19 control exanthem subitum (without complications) patients. Serum interleukin (IL)-10 (P = 0.007) and IL-8 (P = 0.025) were significantly higher in the patients with the disease than controls. Serum IL-1β (P = 0.034) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in the controls than patients with the disease. In patients with the disease, IL-10 (P = 0.012), regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES; P = 0.001), and monokine induced by interferon γ (MIG; P = 0.001) were significantly higher in serum than CSF, meanwhile IL-6 (P = 0.034), IL-8 (P = 0.034), and MCP-1 (P = 0.001) were significantly higher in CSF than serum. Additionally, serum IL-10 was significantly higher in the disease patients with sequelae than those without sequelae (P = 0.016). Several cytokines and chemokines may be associated with the pathogenesis of acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Moreover, the regulation of cytokine networks appears to be different between peripheral blood (systemic) and central nervous system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Cytokine and chemokine responses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human herpesvirus 6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion

Kawamura

Yamazaki

Ohashi

et al. 2013

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…11 Unfortunately, there has been a lack of studies to confirm this suspicion. Small studies of encephalopathy associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella infection have shown that proinflammatory cytokines are elevated in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, [29][30][31] and cytokine-induced neurotoxicity has been suggested as the cause. No studies to date have measured CSF cytokines in Salmonella Typhi infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Encephalopathy in Patients with Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Bacteremia Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Leung

Bogetz

Itoh

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To characterize clinical correlates of typhoid fever-associated encephalopathy, we performed a retrospective chart review of patients with Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteremia who were hospitalized at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, from February of 2009 to June of 2011. Of 207 patients bacteremic with Salmonella Typhi who were 5 years of age, we identified 43 (21%) patients with encephalopathy. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with encephalopathy more often presented at ages of 10-24 years and had severe dehydration, low oxygen saturation, high respiratory rate, low leukocyte count, low platelet count, and Widal flagellar H agglutinin (TH) titer 1:640 compared with typhoid patients without encephalopathy. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that age, dehydration, leukocyte count, and Widal TH titer were independently associated with encephalopathy. Our findings suggest that age, severity of disease, and immune responses are associated with encephalopathy during Salmonella Typhi bacteremia, perhaps reflecting the impact of prominent inflammatory responses.

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“…Several Salmonella serotypes produce cytotoxic factors that disturb host cell function. [10][11][12] Other experts have proposed that the encephalopathy is immunemediated, a theory supported by increased levels of cytokines found in the CSF as an expression of systemic inflammation. 12 Direct cell damage by the organism is thought unlikely because CSF cultures are negative for Salmonella, as was the case in our patient.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[10][11][12] Other experts have proposed that the encephalopathy is immunemediated, a theory supported by increased levels of cytokines found in the CSF as an expression of systemic inflammation. 12 Direct cell damage by the organism is thought unlikely because CSF cultures are negative for Salmonella, as was the case in our patient. The optimal therapy for Salmonella encephalopathy remains unclear, but in cases of encephalopathy associated with Salmonella and other infections such as influenza, methylprednisolone pulse therapy may decrease rates of sequelae and may have a positive effect on survival.…”

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confidence: 99%

Denouement

2012

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid From Patients With Nontyphoidal Salmonella Encephalopathy

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Cytokine and chemokine responses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human herpesvirus 6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion

Cytokine and chemokine responses in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human herpesvirus 6B‐associated acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion

Factors Associated with Encephalopathy in Patients with Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Bacteremia Presenting to a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh

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