Proinflammatory cytokines and their corresponding receptor proteins in eccrine sweat glands in normal and cutaneous leishmaniasis human skin

Abstract

Paraformaldehyde-fixed biopsy specimens of normal and chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis human skin were investigated for the presence and cellular distribution of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the corresponding receptors in eccrine sweat glands, using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. There was cytoplasmic staining for all 4 cytokines as well as their receptor proteins in the clear cells of the eccrine sweat glands of both normal and inflamed skin specimens. No staining could be seen in the dark cells or the myoepithelial cells, neither in normal nor in inflamed skin. However, a difference between normal and inflamed skin was observed in the ductal system. Thus, cell layers of the dermal ducts in leishmaniasis skin were stained for all 4 cytokines, with more intense labelling in the basal cell layer of the coiled ducts, while in the normal skin, an intense staining was more evident in the inner luminal layer, with variable and less intense labelling of the basal layer. The immunolabelling for the cytokine receptors within the dermal ducts exhibited similar staining intensity in both luminal and basal cell layers, except in the case of the IL-6 receptor, which showed a moderate to intense signal in the basal cell layer but a weak staining of the luminal cell layer. Infiltrating inflammatory cells around the sweat gland apparatus in leishmaniasis skin exhibited immunoreactivities for all cytokines and their corresponding receptors.

Eccrine Sweat Contains IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-31 and Activates Epidermal Keratinocytes as a Danger Signal

“…1A, IL-31 was detected in the sweat from healthy volunteers, with an average concentration of 3.73 ng/mg sweat protein, which is higher than the level of sweat IL-1. The in situ expression of IL-1α and IL-1β in normal human skin eccrine sweat gland ductal and secretory epithelium has been well reported previously [11]–[13]. To investigate the cellular source of sweat IL-31, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of normal skin to assess whether IL-31is in situ expressed by eccrine gland cells.…”

“…Sweat samples collected from the arms of 11 volunteers were prepared and subjected to ELISA analysis to quantify the levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, cytokines that are expressed by sweat gland cells [6], [7], [11]–[13]. Consistent with previous studies using sweat from palmoplantar regions of healthy volunteers [7], [8], all arm sweat samples were found to contain significant amounts of immunoreactive IL-1α and IL-1β, with average concentrations of 1.34 and 0.35 ng/mg sweat protein, respectively (Fig.…”

“…The precise cellular source of sweat cytokines is not clear, despite their expression in eccrine glands [11], [13]. Sweating plays a role in the clearance of waste products.…”

Alterations in inflammatory cytokine gene expression in sulfur mustard-exposed mouse skin

“…Previous studies have localized IL-1b and IL-6 to these sites within human skin by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry [36][37][38][39][40]. IL-1b and IL-6 immunostaining was observed at multiple sites within the skin, including epidermal appendages and adnexal structures (hair follicles and sebaceous glands), the dermal microvasculature, smooth muscle, and the dermal connective tissue.…”

The role of cytokines in the pathomechanism of cutaneous disorders

“…[23] Other cytokine receptors identified in clear cells and duct epithelium of eccrine sweat glands are IL-1αR, IL-1βR, TNF-αR, and IL-6R. TGF-β2 is found in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and upper eccrine sweat ducts.…”