Progressive Orf Virus Infection in a Patient with Lymphoma: Successful Treatment Using Imiquimod

Lederman, Edith; Green, Gary M.; DeGroot, Henry; Dahl, Patricia; Goldman, Erinn H.; Greer, Patricia W.; Liu, Yu; Zhao, Hui; Paddock, Christopher D.; Damon, Inger K.

doi:10.1086/517509

Cited by 67 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Capripoxvirus infections of ruminants cause significant morbidity and mortality. Parapoxvirus infections of ruminants and their handlers are endemic in the United States and worldwide; infected humans often turn to veterinarians for diagnostic assistance (14). Human monkeypox (an orthopoxvirus) is an emerging infection with smallpox-like characteristics that was introduced into the United States in 2003 via global commerce in the exotic pet animal trade.…”

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confidence: 99%

GC Content-Based Pan-Pox Universal PCR Assays for Poxvirus Detection

Meyer

Zhao

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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Chordopoxviruses of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, family Poxviridae, infect vertebrates and consist of at least eight genera with broad host ranges. For most chordopoxviruses, the number of viral genes and their relative order are highly conserved in the central region. The GC content of chordopoxvirus genomes, however, evolved into two distinct types: those with genome GC content of more than 60% and those with a content of less than 40% GC. Two standard PCR assays were developed to identify chordopoxviruses based on whether the target virus has a low or high GC content. In design of the assays, the genus Avipoxvirus, which encodes major rearrangements of gene clusters, was excluded. These pan-pox assays amplify DNA from more than 150 different isolates and strains, including from primary clinical materials, from all seven targeted genera of chordopoxviruses and four unclassified new poxvirus species. The pan-pox assays represent an important advance for the screening and diagnosis of human and animal poxvirus infections, and the technology used is accessible to many laboratories worldwide.The poxviruses (family Poxviridae) cause illness characterized by generalized or localized cutaneous lesions, and most member viruses have broad host ranges. The overall broad host range of this family is demonstrated by the two subfamilies of the Poxviridae. The subfamily Entomopoxvirinae infects insects, and the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae infects vertebrates; the latter consists of eight genera, and other "unclassified chordopoxviruses." The classified genera are Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, Suipoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Yatapoxvirus. Poxvirus infections of humans, cattle, sheep, goats, companion animals, birds, and zoo animals have been reported worldwide (2) but in general represent an underappreciated cause of health care utilization. Within the United States, until recently the international classification of diseases (ICD) codes were not available for many of these virus infections. Poxvirus infections can be clinically confused with other cutaneous disease, and other poxviruses are emerging or reemerging infections in various parts of the world. The majority of human poxvirus infections are zoonotic. Poxvirus infections are also a significant burden to agricultural communities. Capripoxvirus infections of ruminants cause significant morbidity and mortality. Parapoxvirus infections of ruminants and their handlers are endemic in the United States and worldwide; infected humans often turn to veterinarians for diagnostic assistance (14). Human monkeypox (an orthopoxvirus) is an emerging infection with smallpox-like characteristics that was introduced into the United States in 2003 via global commerce in the exotic pet animal trade. The evolution of monkeypox virus and its two major clades in Africa represents an incompletely understood emerging infectious risk. Smallpox, caused by variola virus, an eradicated disease, remains a significant biothreat agent of internatio...

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confidence: 99%

GC Content-Based Pan-Pox Universal PCR Assays for Poxvirus Detection

Meyer

Zhao

et al. 2010

J Clin Microbiol

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“…1-2 months even without any medical treatment (Leavell et al 1968). However, there are individual cases described in the literature of severe complications linked to immune-suppression (Larcher et al 2009;Lederman et al 2007). In human PPV infections laboratory diagnosis is important to differentiate VACV, monkey pox, varizella zoster, other herpes virus infections or allergic skin reactions.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Important Zoonoses in Animals: Parapoxviruses: Extraordinary “Ball of Wool” Particle Shape—Masters of Local Infection and Immune Escape

Büttner

2014

Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Parapoxviruses (PPV) represent a separate genus within the subfamiliy Chordopoxvirinae of the family Poxviridae. Species members of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) within the family Poxviridae cause contagious pustular dermatitis in small ruminants (prototype Orf virus, ORFV) and mostly mild localized inflammation in cattle (bovine papular stomatitis virus, BPSV and pseudocowpox virus, PCPV) and red deer in New Zealand (Parapoxvirus of red deer, PVNZ). All PPVs show a widespread and worldwide occurrence and are known to be zoonotic, leading to circumscribed skin lesions in humans, historically known as milker's nodules. Human PPV isolates are often ill defined concerning their allocation to an animal origin. PPV cause local infections and are specialized to counteract skin and mucous membrane defense mechanisms after virus entry into damaged skin by micro-lesions or wounds. Sophisticated escape mechanisms mediated by virulence genes of PPV have been elucidated in recent times. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of various PPV species genomes allows more detailed and comparative determination of virus peculiarities. After PPV transmission to man, molecular conservation of the animal's virus genome can indicate the origin of the virus. Due to their high stability in the environment and local persistence in the host PPV have established as a worldwide problem in livestock especially in small ruminants. With regard to diagnostic differentiation after manifestation in human patients as well as for reliable differentiation from notifiable diseases in livestock PPV still pose a challenge for clinicians and microbiologists.

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“…O rf virus (ORFV), a member of the parapoxviruses, is the cause of papular dermatitis or contagious ecthyma or contagious papular dermatitis in sheep and goats reported globally (Hosamani et al, 2009) and the disease is also zoonotic causing local macula-papular lesions in humans by direct contact with infected animals (Lederman et al, 2007). This endemic disease incurs economic losses by causing severe morbidity in adults and mortality in young ones affecting farming community in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and Rapid Visual Detection Methods of Orf Virus by B2L Gene based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay

Venkatesan¹

2016

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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Progressive Orf Virus Infection in a Patient with Lymphoma: Successful Treatment Using Imiquimod

Cited by 67 publications

References 10 publications

GC Content-Based Pan-Pox Universal PCR Assays for Poxvirus Detection

GC Content-Based Pan-Pox Universal PCR Assays for Poxvirus Detection

Important Zoonoses in Animals: Parapoxviruses: Extraordinary “Ball of Wool” Particle Shape—Masters of Local Infection and Immune Escape

Simple and Rapid Visual Detection Methods of Orf Virus by B2L Gene based Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay

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