Progressive deterioration of the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes in children during the early infection stages of COVID-19

Xu, Rong; Liu, Pengcheng; Zhang, Tao; Wu, Qian; Zeng, Mei; Ma, Yingying; Jin, Xia; Xu, Jin; Zhang, Zhigang; Zhang, Chiyu

doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2021.05.004

Cited by 34 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…It has also been suggested that microbial interactions and competition, especially in the nasopharynx of children colonized by more viruses and bacteria compared with adults, may reduce the infectious potential of SARS-CoV-2 [ 16 ]. Some studies have evaluated microbiota composition at the time of diagnosis and during the course of COVID-19, especially in adults; however, few studies on microbiota composition in children have been conducted [ 17 – 19 ]. Moreover, no previous study has investigated microbiota composition in MIS-C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

et al. 2022

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Microbiota composition may play a role in the development, prognosis, or post-infection of COVID-19. There are studies evaluating the microbiota composition at the time of diagnosis and during the course of COVID-19, especially in adults, while studies in children are limited and no study available in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This study was planned to compare intestinal microbiota composition in children diagnosed with MIS-C and acute COVID-19 infection with healthy children. In this prospective multicenter study, 25 children diagnosed with MIS-C, 20 with COVID-19 infection, and 19 healthy children were included. Intestinal microbiota composition was evaluated by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. We observed changes of diversity, richness, and composition of intestinal microbiota in MIS-C cases compared to COVID-19 cases and in the healthy controls. The Shannon index was higher in the MIS-C group than the healthy controls ( p < 0.01). At phylum level, in the MIS-C group, a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and lower abundance of Firmicutes was found compared to the control group. Intestinal microbiota composition changed in MIS-C cases compared to COVID-19 and healthy controls, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased; Bacteroides uniformis , Bacteroides plebeius , Clostridium ramosum , Eubacterium dolichum , Eggerthella lenta , Bacillus thermoamylovorans , Prevotella tannerae , and Bacteroides coprophilus were dominant in children with MIS-C. At species level, we observed decreased Faecalibacterium prausnitzii , and increased Eubacterium dolichum , Eggerthella lenta , and Bacillus thermoamylovorans in children with MIS-C and increased Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Dorea formicigenerasus in the COVID-19 group. Our study is the first to evaluate the microbiota composition in MIS-C cases. There is a substantial change in the composition of the gut microbiota: (1) reduction of F. prausnitzii in children with MIS-C and COVID-19; (2) an increase of Eggerthella lenta which is related with autoimmunity; and (3) the predominance of E. dolichum is associated with metabolic dysfunctions and obesity in children with MIS-C. Conclusions : Alterations of the intestinal microbiota might be part of pathogenesis of predisposing factor for MIS-C. It would be beneficial to conduct more extensive studies on the cause-effect relationship of these changes in microbiota composition and their effects on long-term prognosis. What is Known: • Mi...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

et al. 2022

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“…This is similar to the previous report, which found that Pseudomonas was significantly increased in both the URT and the gut of children with COVID-19 infection. 18 Interestingly, viral infections such as influenza viruses or SARS-CoV-2 might modulate the bacterial communities which potentially favor the expansion of opportunistic pathogens. These pathogens can cause hospital-acquired infections involving multiple antibiotic resistances associated with pneumonia and high mortality rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial microbiota in upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 and influenza patients

Rattanaburi

Sawaswong

Chitcharoen

et al. 2021

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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The upper respiratory tract is inhabited by diverse range of commensal microbiota which plays a role in protecting the mucosal surface from pathogens. Alterations of the bacterial community from respiratory viral infections could increase the susceptibility to secondary infections and disease severities. We compared the upper respiratory bacterial profiles among Thai patients with influenza or COVID-19 by using 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing based on MiSeq platform. The Chao1 richness was not significantly different among groups, whereas the Shannon diversity of Flu A and Flu B groups were significantly lower than Non-Flu & COVID-19 group. The beta diversity revealed that the microbial communities of influenza (Flu A and Flu B), COVID-19, and Non-Flu & COVID-19 were significantly different; however, the comparison of the community structure was similar between Flu A and Flu B groups. The bacterial classification revealed that Enterobacteriaceae was predominant in influenza patients, while Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas were significantly enriched in the COVID-19 patients. These implied that respiratory viral infections might be related to alteration of upper respiratory bacterial community and susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections. Moreover, the bacteria that observed in Non-Flu & COVID-19 patients had high abundance of Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, and Fusobacterium. This study provides the basic knowledge for further investigation of the relationship between upper respiratory microbiota and respiratory disease which might be useful for better understanding the mechanism of viral infectious diseases.

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“…A recent study in children presenting with a positive SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrated that both the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiota were altered. The alteration of the microbiota in these children was dominated by the genus Pseudomonas (see Table 3), and remained altered up to 25-58 days in different individuals [112]. As children do not experience the complications associated with adult COVID-19, these microbiota profiles may give important insight into the role of the microbiota in disease susceptibility.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Upper Airway Microbiota, Environmental Exposures, Inflammation, and Disease

2021

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Along with playing vital roles in pathogen exclusion and immune system priming, the upper airways (UAs) and their microbiota are essential for myriad physiological functions such as conditioning and transferring inhaled air. Dysbiosis, a microbial imbalance, is linked with various diseases and significantly impedes the quality of one’s life. Daily inhaled exposures and/or underlying conditions contribute to adverse changes to the UA microbiota. Such variations in the microbial community exacerbate UA and pulmonary disorders via modulating inflammatory and immune pathways. Hence, exploring the UA microbiota’s role in maintaining homeostasis is imperative. The microbial composition and subsequent relationship with airborne exposures, inflammation, and disease are crucial for strategizing innovating UA diagnostics and therapeutics. The development of a healthy UA microbiota early in life contributes to normal respiratory development and function in the succeeding years. Although different UA cavities present a unique microbial profile, geriatrics have similar microbes across their UAs. This lost community segregation may contribute to inflammation and disease, as it stimulates disadvantageous microbial–microbial and microbial–host interactions. Varying inflammatory profiles are associated with specific microbial compositions, while the same is true for many disease conditions and environmental exposures. A shift in the microbial composition is also detected upon the administration of numerous therapeutics, highlighting other beneficial and adverse side effects. This review examines the role of the UA microbiota in achieving homeostasis, and the impact on the UAs of environmental airborne pollutants, inflammation, and disease.

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Progressive deterioration of the upper respiratory tract and the gut microbiomes in children during the early infection stages of COVID-19

Cited by 34 publications

References 55 publications

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

Intestinal microbiota composition of children with infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)

Bacterial microbiota in upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 and influenza patients

The Upper Airway Microbiota, Environmental Exposures, Inflammation, and Disease

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