Progression through return-to-sport and return-to-academics guidelines for concussion management and recovery in collegiate student athletes: findings from the Ivy League–Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study

Abstract

ObjectiveTo examine the progression of collegiate student athletes through five stages of a return-to-activity protocol following sport-related concussion (SRC).MethodsIn a multisite prospective cohort study, we identified the frequency of initial 24–48 hours physical and cognitive rest, and the sequence of (1) symptom resolution and return to (2) exertion activity, (3) limited sport, (4) full sport and (5) full academics. In resulting profiles we estimated the likelihood of return to full sport ≤14 days or prolonged >28 days and tested for variability based on timing of the stages.ResultsAmong 1715 athletes with SRC (31.6% females), 67.9% had 24–48 hours initial physical and cognitive rest. The median was 6 days to return to full academics, 8 days to symptom resolution and 9 days to exertion. Three profiles emerged; all had the same sport-specific return progression, but varied in the relative timing of full academics. In unadjusted analyses, full academics as the first stage corresponded to the longest time to return to full sport, and initiating exertion the same day as symptom resolution resulted in the shortest time. In adjusted regression analyses, athletes initiating full academics while still symptomatic were 21.5% less likely (95% CI −27.4% to −15.5%) to return to full sport ≤14 days and, analogously, 19.1% more likely (95% CI 13.4% to 24.7%) to have prolonged return >28 days. While additionally controlling for initial rest, sex, symptom count and concussion history, the likelihood of prolonged return >28 days was 37.0% (95% CI 25.2% to 48.8%) in athletes initiating exertion considerably before symptoms resolved (ie, 7+ days), but only 3.6% (95% CI −1.4% to 8.6%) in athletes initiating exertion shortly before achieving symptom resolution (ie, 3–4 days).ConclusionWe found evidence that sequential progressions were consistent with current recommendations including brief initial rest, and the initiation and relative timing of each stage impacted the final return-to-sport outcome.

Survey on Sports-Related Concussions among Japanese University Students

“…This study also found that SRC was observed in soccer, basketball, rugby, and ice hockey, which were listed as the sports with the highest incidence of SRC in previous studies. However, rugby and ice hockey, which have been reported to have a high incidence of SRC in previous studies [ 10 , 11 , 19 ], did not rank high with regard to the number of SRC cases in Japan, whereas judo, baseball, and kendo did rank high, yielding a different result from other countries.…”

“…A study analyzing data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States reported that the incidence of SRC was higher in men’s wrestling, men’s ice hockey, women’s ice hockey, and men’s football than in other sports [ 10 ]. Furthermore, a survey on SRC limited to contact sports and collision sports reported that most SRCs occurred in men’s football, women’s rugby, men’s ice hockey, men’s wrestling, and women’s soccer [ 11 ]. These studies suggest that SRC may occur frequently in sports with a high frequency of contact, thereby also garnering attention as a research subject.…”

Consensus statement: An evidence‐based review of exercise, rehabilitation, rest, and return to activity protocols for the treatment of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury

“…The evidence identified on RTA protocols comprised six studies: one RCT, 111 one prospective cohort study, 112 one retrospective cohort study, 113 two prospective case series, 23,114 and one retrospective case series. 115 The studies involved RTA protocols in adolescents with acute concussion.…”