Progress with the ITER project activity in Russia

Krasilnikov, A. V.; Abdyuhanov, I.M.; Aleksandrov, E.V.; Alekseev, A. G.; Amosov, V. N.; Antonov, N. V.; Arkhipov, N.I.; Burdakov, A. V.; Chugunov, I.N.; Денисов, Г. Г.; Gervash, A.; Ivantsivskiy, M.; Kaschuk, Y.; Khomyakov, S.; Krasilnikov, V.; Kupriyanov, I.B.; Kuzmin, E. G.; Кузнецов, В. Е.; Lelekhov, S.A.; Leshukov, A.Yu.; Litvak, A. G.; Makhankov, A.; Mazul, I.; Mokeev, A.N.; Mukhin, E. E.; Petrov, A. A.; Петров, М. П.; Petrov, S. Ya.; Петров, В. Г.; Rodin, Igor; Romannikov, A.N.; Rumyantsev, Y.; Safronov, V.M.; Savrukhin, P. V.; Tronza, V.; Tugarinov, S. N.; Ustinov, A.L.; Vershkov, V.A.; Vdovin, V.; Vysotsky, V.S.; Zernov, S.N.; Житлухин, А. М.; Zvonkov, A. V.

doi:10.1088/0029-5515/55/10/104007

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The ITER gyrotron from Russia was developed by IAP, GYCOM, and the Kurchatov Institute Moscow [19,[65][66][67][68][69]. The tube uses a diode-type MIG, a non-axisymmetric conical all-metal beam tunnel, an advanced four mirror quasi-optical output coupler and a single-stage depressed collector (top version insulator) with tapered inner diameter keeping the impact area of the spent electron beam approximately constant.…”

Section: Russian Iter Gyrotronmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-power gyrotrons for electron cyclotron heating and current drive

Thumm¹,

Денисов²,

Sakamoto³

et al. 2019

Nucl. Fusion

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126

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In many tokamak and stellarator experiments around the globe that are investigating energy production via controlled thermonuclear fusion, electron cyclotron heating and current drive (ECH&CD) are used for plasma start-up, heating, non-inductive current drive and MHD stability control. ECH will be the first auxiliary heating method used on ITER. Megawatt-class, continuous wave (CW) gyrotrons are employed as high-power millimeter (mm)-wave sources. The present review reports on the worldwide state-of-the-art of high-power gyrotrons. Their successful development during the past years changed ECH from a minor to a major heating method. After a general introduction of the various functions of ECH&CD in fusion physics, especially for ITER, Section 2 will explain the fast-wave gyrotron interaction principle. Section 3 discusses innovations on the components of modern long-pulse fusion gyrotrons (magnetron injection electron gun (MIG), beam tunnel, cavity, quasi-optical output coupler, synthetic diamond output window, single-stage depressed collector) and auxiliary components (superconducting magnets, gyrotron diagnostics, high-power calorimetric dummy loads). Section 4 deals with present megawatt-class gyrotrons for ITER, W7-X, LHD, EAST, KSTAR and JT-60SA, and also includes tubes for moderate pulse length machines as, ASDEX-U, DIII-D, HL-2A, TCV, QUEST and GAMMA-10. In Section 5 the development of future advanced fusion gyrotrons is discussed. These are tubes with higher frequencies for DEMO, multi-frequency (multi-purpose) gyrotrons, stepwise frequency tunable tubes for plasma stabilization, injection-locked and coaxial-cavity multi-megawatt gyrotrons, as well as sub-THz gyrotrons for collective Thomson scattering (CTS). Efficiency enhancement via multi-stage depressed collectors, fast oscillation recovery methods and reliability, availability, maintainability and inspectability (RAMI) will be discussed at the end of this section.

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Section: Russian Iter Gyrotronmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-power gyrotrons for electron cyclotron heating and current drive

Thumm¹,

Денисов²,

Sakamoto³

et al. 2019

Nucl. Fusion

Self Cite

126

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“…Gyrotrons for plasma fusion installations usually operate at frequencies 40-170 GHz [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Requested output power of the tubes is about 1 MW and pulse duration is between seconds and thousands seconds (depending on plasma machine parameters).…”

Section: Gyro-devices State-of-the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ITER requirements include also high efficiency of the gyrotrons over 50%, possibility of power modulation with frequency up to 5 kHz, compatibility of the gyrotron complex with ITER control system. In May, 2015 a Russian Prototype of ITER Gyrotron System was completed and its operation was demonstrated [2][3][4][5]. The system includes gyrotron oscillator, liquid-free superconducting magnet, supplementary magnets, several electric power supplies, cooling systems control and protection systems, and other auxiliary units.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

New trends in gyrotron development

Денисов

2017

EPJ Web Conf.

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Gyro-devices provide the highest CW or average power of microwaves in centimeter, millimeter and submillimeter wavelength ranges and therefore they are very attractive as microwave sources for many of applications such as plasma fusion, radiolocation, ion sources, telecommunication, technology, spectroscopy and some other. In last years an essential progress in the device development was demonstrated. The paper presents State-of the Art in the device development, new demands in the parameters enhancement and possible ways to achieve the goals. Gyro-Devices. State-of-the ArtGyrotrons for plasma fusion installations usually operate at frequencies 40-170 GHz [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Requested output power of the tubes is about 1 MW and pulse duration is between seconds and thousands seconds (depending on plasma machine parameters). In ITER installation there will be 24 of 170 GHz gyrotron systems with 1 MW microwave power each. ITER requirements include also high efficiency of the gyrotrons over 50%, possibility of power modulation with frequency up to 5 kHz, compatibility of the gyrotron complex with ITER control system. In May, 2015 a Russian Prototype of ITER Gyrotron System was completed and its operation was demonstrated [2][3][4][5]. The system includes gyrotron oscillator, liquid-free superconducting magnet, supplementary magnets, several electric power supplies, cooling systems control and protection systems, and other auxiliary units. The gyrotron system shows reliable operation with required parameters. In October, 2015 Final Design Review Procedure for the gyrotron system was successfully passed and in 2016 fabrication of the first serial gyrotron system was completed. Megawatt power at very long pulses (300-1000 s) was also demonstrated with gyrotron at 140 GHz frequency for electron-cyclotron systems of EAST (China) and KSTAR (Korea) superconducting tokamaks. Megawatt power gyrotrons with moderate pulse duration from 2 to 10 seconds were developed for TCV, HL-2A, and ASDEX Upgrade tokamaks.There are successful developments of megawatt gyrotrons [1, 6] by European team including industrial company Thales, by CPI (USA), by Japanese cooperation of QST/Toshiba and Tsukuba University. The point worth mentioning is that the new stellarator W7-X is equipped now with 9 gyrotrons capable to operate at 140 GHz frequency and power of 0.8-1.0 MW in 1800 second pulses.Gyro-amplifiers are intrinsically more difficult in realization because of multi-mode microwave systems, but in recent years there is a remarkable progress in their development. At IAP/GYCOM we are developing an original concept of a gyro-TWT that is based on the use of a helically corrugated waveguide that radically changes the dispersion of the modes of a circular waveguide. The operating mode has sufficiently high and almost constant group velocity at zero axial wavenumber which enables broadband operation of the helical-waveguide gyro-TWT with minimum sensitivity to electron velocity spread. A number of experiments have proved the main theoret...

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“…High-resolution spectroscopy in a selected waveband represents a powerful diagnostics tool, which is in use for different applications. A good example can be found in the field of nuclear fusion, where spectral measurements around specific emission lines like the carbon triplet 1 or the H-alpha line 2,3 are used to control the plasma state. On the other hand, in the same application field there are cases when the image in a narrow spectral range is registered 4,5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined narrowband imager-spectrograph with volume-phase holographic gratings

Muslimov

Fabrika

Valyavin

2017

Optical Measurement Systems for Industrial Inspection X

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In the present work we discuss a possibility to build an instrument with two operation modes -spectral and imaging ones. The key element of such instrument is a dispersive and filtering unit consisting of two narrowband volume-phase holographic gratings. Each of them provides high diffraction efficiency in a relatively narrow spectral range of a few tens of nanometers. Besides, the position of this working band is highly dependent on the angle of incidence. So we propose to use a couple of such gratings to implement the two operational modes. The gratings are mounted in a collimated beam one after another. In the spectroscopic mode the gratings are turned on such angle that the diffraction efficiency curves coincide, thus the beams diffracted on the first grating are diffracted twice on the second one and a high-dispersion spectrum in a narrow range is formed. If the collimating and camera lenses are corrected for a wide field it is possible to use a long slit and register the spectra from its different points separately. In the imaging mode the gratings are turned to such angle that the efficiency curves intersect in a very narrow wavelength range. So the beams diffracted on the first grating are filtered out by the second one except of the spectral component, which forms the image. In this case the instrument works without slit diaphragm on the entrance. We provide an example design to illustrate the proposed concept. This optical scheme works in the region around 656 nm with F/# of 6.3. In the spectroscopic mode it provides a spectrum for the region from 641 to 671 nm with reciprocal linear dispersion of 1.4 nm/mm and the spectral resolving power higher than 14000. In the imaging mode it covers linear 12mm X 12mm field of view with spatial resolution of 15-30 lines/mm.

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Progress with the ITER project activity in Russia

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

High-power gyrotrons for electron cyclotron heating and current drive

High-power gyrotrons for electron cyclotron heating and current drive

New trends in gyrotron development

Combined narrowband imager-spectrograph with volume-phase holographic gratings

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