Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines

Rainard, Pascal; Gilbert, Florence; Martins, Rodrigo Prado; Germon, Pierre; Foucras, Gilles

doi:10.3390/vaccines10020296

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…The J5 vaccination boosts blood and milk titers of specific antibodies against E. coli LPS, enhancing its opsonization ( Brade et al, 2013 ; Steele et al, 2019 ). Importantly, neutrophils can phagocyte bacteria more effectively when pathogens are opsonized by antibodies ( Rainard et al, 2022 ). Vaccinations are often timed to correspond with the highest risk of acquiring mastitis by coliforms (e.g., pre- and immediate postpartum), with immunizations being carried out 30 days before delivery and in the first week following delivery ( Rainard et al, 2021a ).…”

Section: Bovine Mastitis Treatment and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges

Goulart

Mellata

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the udder tissue parenchyma that causes pathological changes in the glandular tissue and abnormalities in milk leading to significant economic losses to the dairy industry across the world. Mammary pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli (MPEC) is one of the main etiologic agents of acute clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. MPEC strains have virulence attributes to resist the host innate defenses and thrive in the mammary gland environment. The association between specific virulence factors of MPEC with the severity of mastitis in cattle is not fully understood. Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat mastitis has resulted in antimicrobial resistance to all major antibiotic classes in MPEC. A thorough understanding of MPEC’s pathogenesis and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is required to develop better interventions to reduce mastitis incidence and prevalence in cattle and the environment. This review compiles important information on mastitis caused by MPEC (e.g., types of mastitis, host immune response, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease) as well as the current knowledge on MPEC virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and the dilemma of MPEC as a new pathotype. The information provided in this review is critical to identifying gaps in knowledge that will guide future studies to better design diagnostic, prevent, and develop therapeutic interventions for this significant dairy disease.

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Section: Bovine Mastitis Treatment and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges

Goulart

Mellata

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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“…In spite of the many studies and recent advances in MG immunity, there is still a lot to be discovered before we can rationally design mastitis vaccines ( 147 ). Progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying the generation, maintenance, and function of memory T cells in the MG will be essential.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Mammary Gland of Dairy Ruminants

2022

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Mastitis is one of the greatest issues for the global dairy industry and controlling these infections by vaccination is a long-sought ambition that has remained unfulfilled so far. In fact, gaps in knowledge of cell-mediated immunity in the mammary gland (MG) have hampered progress in the rational design of immunization strategies targeting this organ, as current mastitis vaccines are unable to elicit a strong protective immunity. The objectives of this article are, from a comprehensive and critical review of available literature, to identify what characterizes adaptive immunity in the MG of ruminants, and to derive from this analysis research directions for the design of an optimal vaccination strategy. A peculiarity of the MG of ruminants is that it does not belong to the common mucosal immune system that links the gut immune system to the MG of rodents, swine or humans. Indeed, the MG of ruminants is not seeded by lymphocytes educated in mucosal epithelia of the digestive or respiratory tracts, because the mammary tissue does not express the vascular addressins and chemokines that would allow the homing of memory T cells. However, it is possible to elicit an adaptive immune response in the MG of ruminants by local immunization because the mammary tissue is provided with antigen-presenting cells and is linked to systemic mechanisms. The optimal immune response is obtained by luminal exposure to antigens in a non-lactating MG. The mammary gland can be sensitized to antigens so that a local recall elicits neutrophilic inflammation and enhanced defenses locally, resulting from the activation of resident memory lymphocytes producing IFN-γ and/or IL-17 in the mammary tissue. The rational exploitation of this immunity by vaccination will need a better understanding of MG cell-mediated immunity. The phenotypic and functional characterization of mammary antigen-presenting cells and memory T cells are amongst research priorities. Based on current knowledge, rekindling research on the immune cells that populate the healthy, infected, or immunized MG appears to be a most promising approach to designing efficacious mastitis vaccines.

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“…Development and application of modern vaccine as a novel therapeutic approach to control bovine mastitis is a dire need of time during this post-antibiotic era (El-Sayed and Kamel, 2021). Efficacious vaccines will have to provoke immunity different from those induced by infection (Rainard et al, 2022).…”

Section: Staphylococcus Aureus Streptococcus Uberis Streptococcus Aga...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Dose Dependent Immune Response Against Common Bovine Originated Mastitogens in Rabbit Model

2023

THE JAPS

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This study evaluated the immunogenicity and dose-dependent immune response of toxinotypes of bovine origin viz Staphylococcus aureus (tst), Streptococcus uberis (Cpn-60 targeted STUB), and Escherichia coli (aggR) in a rabbit model -a step forward towards an effective polyvalent mastitis vaccine. To evaluate the primary and secondary immune response (immunogenicity) against the concentration of 10 6 cells/mL of each preparation containing subject vaccinal isolates, 24 rabbits were divided randomly into 4 equal groups viz A, B, C and D. Each antigenic preparation was inoculated to the rabbits of group A to C @ 0.2 mL SC while group D served as control (placebo) at day 0 as priming dose and a booster dose at day 7 respectively. The serum antibodies titers were recorded in terms of Optical Density (OD) values at day 0 (pre-inoculation), 7, 14, 21 and 28 (post-inoculation) by iELISA Mastitis Kit (Abbexa, UK). The antibody response was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the post-booster samples at day-14 and day-21 for all the selected isolates. The highest primary antibody response (1.74 ± 0.14) as well as secondary immune response (2.04 ± 0.13) was shown by Strept. uberis (Cpn-60 STUB) in group B on day-14 followed in order by group C and A respectively. Likewise, dose-dependent immune response to composite antigens of 3 different antigenic concentrations of vaccinal isolates: 10 8 cells/mL; 10 10 cells/mL; 10 12 cells/mL of each of vaccinal isolates in 18 adult rabbits divided randomly into 3 groups of 6 (A, B and C) respectively for dose standardization was evaluated. Serum samples were collected at weekly intervals following completion of 2 nd shot of inocula of each dose for 3 consecutive weeks. The rabbits of group B injected with 10 10 cells mL -1 of S. aureus (tst) showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) serum iELISA O.D value (2.97 A, a ± 0.10) followed in order by E. coli (aggR) (2.84 a ± 0.08) and Str. uberis (cpn60 STUB) (2.78 a ± 0.07) at day-14 post-inoculation. This study revealed the concentration of 10 10 cells/mL of each subject mastitogens as a standard bacterial load for polyvalent mastitis vaccines with higher and sustained antigenicity in rabbits.

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Progress towards the Elusive Mastitis Vaccines

Cited by 17 publications

References 168 publications

Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges

Escherichia coli Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Challenges

Adaptive Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Mammary Gland of Dairy Ruminants

Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Dose Dependent Immune Response Against Common Bovine Originated Mastitogens in Rabbit Model

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