Progress towards reducing sociodemographic disparities in breastfeeding outcomes in Indonesia: a trend analysis from 2002 to 2017

Abstract

Background: Improving breastfeeding practice is important for reducing child health inequalities and achieving several Sustainable Development Goals. Indonesia has enacted legislation to promote optimal breastfeeding practices in recent years. We examined breastfeeding practices among Indonesian women from 2002 to 2017, comparing trends within and across sociodemographic subgroups. Methods: Data from four waves of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys were used to estimate changes in breastfeeding practices among women from selected sociodemographic groups over time. We examined three breastfeeding outcomes: (1) early initiation of breastfeeding; (2) exclusive breastfeeding; and (3) continued breastfeeding at 1 year. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes in time trends of each outcome across population groups. Results: The proportion of women reporting early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding increased significantly between 2002 to 2017 (p < 0.05), with larger increases among women who: were from higher wealth quintiles; worked in professional sectors; and lived in Java and Bali. However, 42.7% of women reported not undertaking early initiation of breastfeeding, and 48.9% of women reported not undertaking exclusive breastfeeding in 2017. Women who were employees had lower exclusive breastfeeding prevalence, compared to unemployed or self-employed women. Women in Java and Bali had higher increase in early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding compared to women in Sumatra. We did not find statistically significant decline in continued breastfeeding at 1 year over time for the overall population, except among women who: were from the second poorest wealth quintile; lived in rural areas; did not have a health facility birth; and lived in Kalimantan and Sulawesi (p < 0.05).

Knowledge and Practices Regarding Early Colostrum Feeding Among Mothers in Erbil Governorate: a Comparative Study

“…Urban mothers had higher knowledge regarding breastfeeding compared with suburban mothers. However, rural mothers had a more favorable attitude towards breastfeeding when compared with urban mothers [20,21].…”

“…These ndings were similar to a study done by Vinutha, the results indicated that rural mothers practiced early initiation of breastfeeding, Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) for the rst six months, and longer duration of breastfeeding when compared with suburban mothers. The rate of not feeding colostrum was high in the urban area when compared to rural mothers [20,21]. Another study found a statistically signi cant association existed between age, education, and socio-economic status of respondents with their knowledge of primipara mothers the study found a signi cant difference between mothers' practices in Erbil city and Koy-Sanjaq city; The current study reveals a signi cant difference between practice among mothers in Erbil city and Koy-Sanjaq, also signi cant difference was found between Koy Sanja and Shaqlawa city concerning achieved colostrum feeding, while there were signi cant differences was found between mothers in Erbil city and Shaqlawa city, Shaqlawa and Koy-Sanjaq city mothers with non-difference between Shaqlawa city and Koy-Sanjaq city mothers regarding knowledge about colostrum feeding.…”

“…Women who were in work had lower initiate EBF prevalence, compared to housewives or selfemployed women. Women in Java and Bali had a higher increase in early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF compared to women in Sumatra [20]. The prevalence of EBF was very low in both rural and urban areas, almost exclusive breastfeeding, one-third were mixed feeding and half were between formula and breastfeeding, in both rural and urban areas.…”

“…Another study found a statistically signi cant association existed between age, education, and socio-economic status of respondents with their knowledge of primipara mothers the study found a signi cant difference between mothers' practices in Erbil city and Koy-Sanjaq city; The current study reveals a signi cant difference between practice among mothers in Erbil city and Koy-Sanjaq, also signi cant difference was found between Koy Sanja and Shaqlawa city concerning achieved colostrum feeding, while there were signi cant differences was found between mothers in Erbil city and Shaqlawa city, Shaqlawa and Koy-Sanjaq city mothers with non-difference between Shaqlawa city and Koy-Sanjaq city mothers regarding knowledge about colostrum feeding. The proportion of women reporting early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF increased signi cantly between 2002 to 2017 [20]. Mothers in Erbil were the least likely to initiate the breastfeeding within the rst hours [6].…”

Prevalence and Determinants of Pre-lacteal Feeding: Insights from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey

“…22 The downward trend of pre-lacteal feeding in the last decade was followed by the increasing prevalence of early initiation or exclusive breastfeeding. 14,23 However, there were still more than half of the children not exclusively breastfeed. Therefore, more effort to improve the exclusive type or infant feeding practices should be prioritized.…”