Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Nigeria, January 2018–May 2019

Adamu, Usman; Archer, W. Roodly; Braka, Fiona; Damisa, Eunice; Siddique, Anisur Rahman; Baig, Shazad; Higgins, Jeffrey; Sume, Gerald Etapelong; Banda, Richard; Korir, Charles; Waziri, Ndadilnasiya Endie; Gidado, Saheed; Bammeke, Philip; Edukugo, Aboyowa; Nganda, Gatei wa; Forbi, Joseph C.; Burns, Cara C.; Li, Hongmei; Jorba, Jaume; Asekun, Adeyelu; Franka, Richard; Wassilak, Steven G.F.; Bolu, Omotayo

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6829a3

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A single cVDPV2 emergence (designated JIS-1 § ) first detected by environmental surveillance in Jigawa State (Nigeria) in January 2018 was later detected in 12 other states in Nigeria and internationally throughout the reporting period. During the first half of 2019, isolates genetically linked to JIS-1 were detected from AFP cases and environmental surveillance samples initially in Niger, and subsequently in Benin, Cameroon, and Ghana ( 5 ). Five other independent cVDPV2 emergences were detected in Nigeria: two in Kogi State (KGS-1 and KGS-2) and three in Sokoto (SOS-3, SOS-4, and SOS-5) and Niger (SOS-3) states.…”

Section: Detection Of Cvdpv2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five other independent cVDPV2 emergences were detected in Nigeria: two in Kogi State (KGS-1 and KGS-2) and three in Sokoto (SOS-3, SOS-4, and SOS-5) and Niger (SOS-3) states. During the reporting period, multiple mOPV2 outbreak response activities were conducted in Nigeria ( 5 ) and in neighboring countries where JIS-1 cVDPV2 was detected.…”

Section: Detection Of Cvdpv2mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Update on Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks — Worldwide, January 2018–June 2019

Jorba¹,

Diop²,

Iber³

et al. 2019

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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100

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Section: Detection Of Cvdpv2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detection Of Cvdpv2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks — Worldwide, January 2018–June 2019

Jorba¹,

Diop²,

Iber³

et al. 2019

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

Self Cite

100

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“…Successfully stopping cVDPV2 transmission requires the use of serotype 2 monovalent OPV (mOPV2) in high‐quality immunization activities that achieve high coverage and rapidly raise population immunity to transmission to high levels, and then again stopping its use (Duintjer Tebbens, Pallansch, Wassilak, Cochi, & Thompson, 2016). Nigeria conducted 33 subnational SIAs in various states using mOPV2 with variable quality and scope between mid 2016 and September 2019, which did not stop transmission of cVDPV2 or onward geographic spread (i.e., the cVDPV2 outbreak originating in Jigawa and its spread across Nigeria and subsequently Central and West Africa (Adamu et al., 2019)). The transmission of OPV2‐related viruses thus continued in a population with increasing vulnerability to sustaining serotype 2 live poliovirus transmission (Duintjer Tebbens, Hampton, & Thompson, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Poliovirus Transmission in Borno and Yobe, Northeast Nigeria

Kalkowska¹,

Franka

Higgins

et al. 2020

Risk Analysis

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Beginning in 2013, multiple local government areas (LGAs) in Borno and Yobe in northeast Nigeria and other parts of the Lake Chad basin experienced a violent insurgency that resulted in substantial numbers of isolated and displaced people. Northeast Nigeria represents the last known reservoir country of wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in Africa, with detection of paralytic cases caused by serotype 1 WPV in 2016 in Borno and serotype 3 WPV in late 2012. Parts of Borno and Yobe are also problematic areas for transmission of serotype 2 circulating vaccine‐derived polioviruses, and they continue to face challenges associated with conflict and inadequate health services in security‐compromised areas that limit both immunization and surveillance activities. We model poliovirus transmission of all three serotypes for Borno and Yobe using a deterministic differential equation‐based model that includes four subpopulations to account for limitations in access to immunization services and dynamic restrictions in population mixing. We find that accessibility issues and insufficient immunization allow for prolonged poliovirus transmission and potential undetected paralytic cases, although as of the end of 2019, including responsive program activities in the modeling suggest die out of indigenous serotypes 1 and 3 WPVs prior to 2020. Specifically, recent and current efforts to access isolated populations and provide oral poliovirus vaccine continue to reduce the risks of sustained and undetected transmission, although some uncertainty remains. Continued improvement in immunization and surveillance in the isolated subpopulations should minimize these risks. Stochastic modeling can build on this analysis to characterize the implications for undetected transmission and confidence about no circulation.

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“…Recombinant forms of the three serotypes of poliovirus in subspecies C3—and specifically their live attenuated vaccine strains—are frequently reported, and can contain fragments of coxsackievirus A11 (CVA11), CVA13, CVA17, and CVA20 strains, all members of subspecies C3 [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Outbreaks of poliomyelitis caused by these vaccine derived polioviruses (VDPVs) have been reported in several countries where the live attenuated vaccine is used [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Furthermore, it has been shown that in vitro constructed recombinants of PV and other subspecies C3 strains are viable in cell culture [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombination Analysis of Non-Poliovirus Members of the Enterovirus C Species: Restriction of Recombination Events to Members of the Same 3DPol Cluster

Brouwer

Benschop

Nguyen

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent viruses worldwide. Recombination is known to occur frequently in EVs belonging to species Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, and Enterovirus C. Although many recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) strains have been reported, our knowledge on recombination in non-polio EVs in the species Enterovirus C is limited. Here, we combined a dataset consisting of 11 newly generated full-length Enterovirus C sequences and 180 publicly available sequences to study recombination dynamics in non-polio EVs. To identify recombination patterns, maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of different genomic regions were constructed, and segregation analyses were performed. Recombination was observed between members of the same 3DPol cluster, but was rarely observed between members of different clusters. We hypothesize that this restriction may have arisen through their different compartmentalization in respiratory and enteric tracts related to differences in cellular tropisms so that the opportunity to recombine may not be available.

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Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication — Nigeria, January 2018–May 2019

Cited by 30 publications

References 6 publications

Update on Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks — Worldwide, January 2018–June 2019

Update on Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Outbreaks — Worldwide, January 2018–June 2019

Modeling Poliovirus Transmission in Borno and Yobe, Northeast Nigeria

Recombination Analysis of Non-Poliovirus Members of the Enterovirus C Species: Restriction of Recombination Events to Members of the Same 3DPol Cluster

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