Progress toward molecular characterization of ectoparasite modulation of host immunity

Wikel, Stephen K.; Alarcón-Chaidez, Francisco J.

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00556-8

Cited by 79 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Biologically active compounds in their salivary glands play the main role in immunosuppression and immunomodulation. Tick-induced immunosuppression of the host is characterized by decreased primary antibody responses to T-cell-dependent antigens, decreased production of T H 1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ) and enhanced production of T H 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13) (Willadsen and Jongejan 1999, Gillespie et al 2000, Schoeler and Wikel 2001, Wikel and Alarcon-Chaidez 2001, Ribeiro and Francischetti 2003. Ixodes ricinus -females Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tick-induced T H 2 cytokine profile seems to be advantageous for the survival of the tick because of the anti-inflammatory effect of T H 2 cytokines. These anti-inflammatory mechanisms may also enhance the transmission of tick borne pathogens Alarcon-Chaidez 2001).…”

Section: Amblyomma Variegatum -Femalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tick saliva contains a large number of pharmacologically active molecules that possess antihaemostatic, vasoactive and immunosuppressive properties (Ribeiro 1995a, b, Wikel and Bergman 1997, Ribeiro and Francischetti 2003. Consequently, modulation of the host immune response facilitates both tick feeding and transmission of various tick-borne pathogens (Wikel and Alarcon-Chaidez 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex

Rolníková

Kazimírová²,

Buc³

2003

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract. Ixodid ticks remain attached to their hosts for several days to weeks. During this extended feeding process new proteins involved in the modulation of host immune responses are expressed in tick salivary glands. In our study a stimulatory or inhibitory effect of salivary gland extracts (SGE) of unfed and partially fed female Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758), female and male Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius, 1794) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901 ticks on human lymphocyte proliferation induced by Concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), respectively, was investigated. SGE of all female ticks examined suppressed proliferation of ConA-induced lymphocytes; highly significant suppression was observed in the presence of unfed I. ricinus and 9-day fed A. variegatum SGE. SGE of partially fed A. variegatum and I. ricinus females suppressed PHA responses of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes showed reduced PHA and ConA responses in the presence of SGE of unfed and 2-day fed R. appendiculatus females, while SGE of 6-day fed females enhanced PHA responses, but reduced their ConA responses; generally SGE of 2-day fed females displayed the strongest inhibition. Amblyomma variegatum male SGE slightly enhanced PHA, but significantly reduced ConA responses of lymphocytes and their inhibitory effect increased during feeding. SGE of unfed and 2-day fed R. appendiculatus males enhanced PHA and ConA responses and those of 6-day fed males suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. The results suggest that (i) species-and sex-specific differences exist in the effects of tick salivary gland antigens on human lymphocyte proliferation and (ii) effect of SGE on human lymphocyte responses to mitogens varies depending on the tick feeding status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Amblyomma Variegatum -Femalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex

Rolníková

Kazimírová²,

Buc³

2003

FOLIA PARASIT

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“…Proteins present in saliva of hematophagous arthropods are foreign antigens, which elicit potent localized immune responses, mediated by Langerhans cells in the skin, T and B lymphocytes, IgG and IgE antibodies, cytokines, and inflammatory cells (Wakelin, 1996;Wikel and AlarconChaidez, 2001). Ectoparasites feeding on resistant hosts may detach from the host (Pruett, 1999), show stunted growth (Bowles et al, 1996), inhibited molting (Wikel and Bergman, 1997), and decreased fecundity (Walker et al, 2003). The immune responses are also systemic; thus; they are potentially costly to the nestlings.…”

Section: Blow Flies On Ospm Sites: Host Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree Swallows (Tachycineta Bicolor) Nesting on Wetlands Impacted by Oil Sands Mining Are Highly Parasitized by the Bird Blow Fly Protocalliphora Spp.

Gentes

Whitworth²,

Waldner

et al. 2007

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Oil sands mining is steadily expanding in Alberta, Canada. Major companies are planning reclamation strategies for mine tailings, in which wetlands will be used for the bioremediation of water and sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids during the extraction process. A series of experimental wetlands were built on companies' leases to assess the feasibility of this approach, and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were designated as upper trophic biological sentinels. From May to July 2004, prevalence and intensity of infestation with bird blow flies Protocalliphora spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were measured in nests on oil sands reclaimed wetlands and compared with those on a reference site. Nestling growth and survival also were monitored. Prevalence of infestation was surprisingly high for a small cavity nester; 100% of the 38 nests examined were infested. Nests on wetlands containing oil sands waste materials harbored on average from 60% to 72% more blow fly larvae than those on the reference site. Nestlings on reclaimed sites suffered mean parasitic burdens about twice that of those on the reference site; and for comparable parasitic load, they exhibited greater pathologic effects (e.g., decreased body mass) than control nestlings. The heavy blow fly infestation on oil sands-impacted wetlands suggests that oil sands mining disturbs several components of the local ecosystem, including habitat characteristics, blow fly predators, and host resistance to parasites.

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“…Proteomic analysis of tick saliva has revealed antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory components, which are thought to subdue the host cutaneous immune response and promote ingestion of the blood meal (18,26,34). In addition to effects on local immunity, the feeding of I. scapularis ticks on mice has been reported to result in systemic immune deviation of T-helper (Th) responses toward the anti-inflammatory Th2 type, as assessed by mitogen (concanavalin A) stimulation of lymphocytes harvested from the spleens 7 to 10 days after tick placement (30,(40)(41)(42).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Langerhans Cell Deficiency ImpairsIxodes scapularisSuppression of Th1 Responses in Mice

et al. 2009

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Ixodes scapularis ticks transmit a number of human pathogens, including the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. I. scapularis suppresses host immunity in the skin to promote feeding and systemically skew T-helper (Th)-cell differentiation toward Th2 cells in secondary lymphoid organs. Although components of tick saliva are known to influence Th-cell polarization, the mechanism whereby tick feeding in the skin modulates regional and systemic Th-cell responses is unknown. In this study, the role of the epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) subset of skin dendritic cells in tick-mediated Th1/Th2-cell immunomodulation was assessed. Mice deficient in LCs (Langerin-DTA mice) exhibited enhanced lymph node (LN) concanavalin A (ConA)-induced Th1 responses after tick infestation in comparison to results for uninfested Langerin-DTA or wild-type (WT) mice, whereas effects on Th2-cell production of interleukin 4 were more variable. Nonetheless, the altered T-cell response did not impact tick feeding or refeeding. Gamma interferon production by ConAstimulated LN cells of both WT and LC-deficient mice was enhanced by as much as fourfold after B. burgdorferi-infected-tick feeding, indicating that immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva were not able to attenuate the Th1 immune responses induced by this pathogen. Taken together, these findings show a requirement for LCs in the tick-mediated attenuation of Th1 responses in regional lymph nodes but not in the spleens of mice and show that the presence of a pathogen can overcome the Th1-inhibitory effects of tick feeding on the host.

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Progress toward molecular characterization of ectoparasite modulation of host immunity

Cited by 79 publications

References 85 publications

Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex

Modulation of human lymphocyte proliferation by salivary gland extracts of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae): effect of feeding stage and sex

Tree Swallows (Tachycineta Bicolor) Nesting on Wetlands Impacted by Oil Sands Mining Are Highly Parasitized by the Bird Blow Fly Protocalliphora Spp.

Langerhans Cell Deficiency ImpairsIxodes scapularisSuppression of Th1 Responses in Mice

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