Progress Toward Containment of Poliovirus Type 2 — Worldwide, 2017

Previsani, Nicoletta; Singh, Harpal; Pierre, Jeanette St.; Boualam, Liliane; Fournier-Caruana, Jacqueline; Sutter, Roland W.; Zaffran, Michel

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6624a5

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…To address this issue, country visits have been made, and governments will continue to be urged to carefully consider the implications of designating facilities to retain poliovirus materials and, where needed, to encourage the establishment of NACs. As of August 2018, a total of 81 PEFs had been designated by governments in 29 countries to retain PV2 materials, including 22 that had reported the establishment of their NACs ( Table ), compared with reports from 2017, when 86 facilities within 30 countries were planning to move forward with PEF designation and only 18 NACs had been established ( 3 ).…”

Section: Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the 71st WHA in 2018, World Health Organization (WHO) Member States adopted a resolution urging acceleration of poliovirus containment activities globally, including establishment by the end of 2018 of national authorities for containment (NACs) to oversee poliovirus containment ( 2 ). This report summarizes containment progress since the previous report ( 3 ) and outlines remaining challenges. As of August 2018, 29 countries had designated 81 facilities to retain PV2 materials; 22 of these countries had established NACs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Progress Toward Poliovirus Containment Implementation — Worldwide, 2017–2018

Fournier-Caruana¹,

Previsani²,

Singh³

et al. 2018

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Progress Toward Poliovirus Containment Implementation — Worldwide, 2017–2018

Fournier-Caruana¹,

Previsani²,

Singh³

et al. 2018

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…Several cases of VDPVs including type 1 and 2 have been reported in more than 15 countries (Diop et al, 2015;Jorba et al, 2017), but large majority of VDPV case-isolates were type 2. In order to address these concerns, trivalent OPV (tOPV) is replaced with bivalent, excluding serotype 2, preceded by introduction of at least one dose of injectable IPV (Previsani et al, 2017). So, the key question is the adequacy of single dose IPV to confer protection against wild polio virus type 2 (WPV2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold chain and virus‐free oral polio booster vaccine made in lettuce chloroplasts confers protection against all three poliovirus serotypes

Daniell

Rai

Xiao

2019

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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Summary To prevent vaccine‐associated paralytic poliomyelitis, WHO recommended withdrawal of Oral Polio Vaccine (Serotype‐2) and a single dose of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine ( IPV ). IPV however is expensive, requires cold chain, injections and offers limited intestinal mucosal immunity, essential to prevent polio reinfection in countries with open sewer system. To date, there is no virus‐free and cold chain‐free polio vaccine capable of inducing robust mucosal immunity. We report here a novel low‐cost, cold chain/poliovirus‐free, booster vaccine using poliovirus capsid protein ( VP 1, conserved in all serotypes) fused with cholera non‐toxic B subunit ( CTB ) expressed in lettuce chloroplasts. PCR using unique primer sets confirmed site‐specific integration of CTB ‐ VP 1 transgene cassettes. Absence of the native chloroplast genome in Southern blots confirmed homoplasmy. Codon optimization of the VP 1 coding sequence enhanced its expression 9–15‐fold in chloroplasts. GM 1‐ganglioside receptor‐binding ELISA confirmed pentamer assembly of CTB ‐ VP 1 fusion protein, fulfilling a key requirement for oral antigen delivery through gut epithelium. Transmission Electron Microscope images and hydrodynamic radius analysis confirmed VP 1‐ VLP s of 22.3 nm size. Mice primed with IPV and boosted three times with lyophilized plant cells expressing CTB ‐ VP 1co, formulated with plant‐derived oral adjuvants, enhanced VP 1‐specific IgG1, VP 1‐IgA titres and neutralization (80%–100% seropositivity of Sabin‐1, 2, 3). In contrast, IPV single dose resulted in <50% VP 1‐IgG1 and negligible VP 1‐IgA titres, poor neutralization and seropositivity (<20%, <40% Sabin 1,2). Mice orally boosted with CTB ‐ VP 1co, without IPV priming, failed to produce any protective neutralizing antibody. Because global population is receiving IPV single dose, booster vaccine free of poliovirus or cold chain offers a timely low‐cost solution to eradicate polio.

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“…In 2017, outbreaks of paralytic polio caused by circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus were reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Syria. 8,9,10 WHO have declared the international spread of wild poliovirus and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern since May 2014. The situation has been assessed every three months since then and the declaration has remained in place with countries known to be exporting wild poliovirus and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus required to ensure all residents and long-term visitors are vaccinated between four weeks and 12 months prior to international travel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2017

et al. 2020

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Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2017, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.33 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Three non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 11 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia established enterovirus and environmental surveillance systems to complement the clinical system focussed on children and an ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was isolated from sewage in Melbourne. In 2017, 22 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.

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Progress Toward Containment of Poliovirus Type 2 — Worldwide, 2017

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Progress Toward Poliovirus Containment Implementation — Worldwide, 2017–2018

Progress Toward Poliovirus Containment Implementation — Worldwide, 2017–2018

Cold chain and virus‐free oral polio booster vaccine made in lettuce chloroplasts confers protection against all three poliovirus serotypes

Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2017

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