Progress on the Studies of the Key Enzymes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Yang, Jin-Ling; Hu, Zong-Feng; Zhang, Tingting; Gu, An-Di; Gong, Ting; Zhu, Ping

doi:10.3390/molecules23030589

Cited by 59 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In recent years, the application of synthetic biology to analyze and regulate the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis pathway has been studied extensively, with efforts to obtain triterpenoid saponins through genetic engineering. There have been significant advances in the study of triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in Panax ginseng (Yang et al 2018), P. notoginseng (Deng et al 2017) and P. quinquefolius (Wang et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and functional characterization of the β-amyrin synthase genefrom Bupleurum chinense

Li¹,

Wang²,

Qi³

et al. 2020

Biol. plant.

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Bupleurum chinense DC., a source of the traditional Chinese medicine Bupleuri Radix, is rich in triterpenoid saikosaponins with high pharmacological activities. The enzyme β-amyrin synthase (BAS), which converts the precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene to produce the triterpene skeleton, is crucial for the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins. In this study, we cloned the full-length sequence of the BAS gene from B. chinense, conducted a bioinformatics analysis, and expressed it in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate its function. The cDNA of β-amyrin synthase (BcBAS, GenBank accession number: MN186093) cloned from aseptic seedlings of B. chinense was 2 307 bp with a 2 286 bp open reading frame coding for 761 amino acids. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the BcBAS protein was closely related to the BAS proteins from Panax ginseng and Betula platyphylla as chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed that the enzymatic product was indeed β-amyrin, the precursor of oleanane type triterpenes. Overall, our findings lay the foundation for in-depth analysis of the biosynthesis pathway of saikosaponins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and functional characterization of the β-amyrin synthase genefrom Bupleurum chinense

Li¹,

Wang²,

Qi³

et al. 2020

Biol. plant.

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“…With the development of molecular biology, people have also begun to focus on the influence of intrinsic genetic factors on the formation of medicinal materials [40]. HMGR was differentially expressed among tissues, with a high level of expression in the leaf and low level of expression in the stem, suggesting that leaves are crucial to terpenoid biosynthesis [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance

et al. 2018

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Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most important medicinal plants in Northeast China, and ginsenosides are the main active ingredients found in medicinal ginseng. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is regulated by environmental factors and the expression of key enzyme genes. Therefore, in this experiment, ginseng in the leaf opened stage, the green fruit stage, the red fruit stage, and the root growth stage was used as the test material, and nine individual ginsenosides and total saponins (the sum of the individual saponins) were detected by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). There was a trend of synergistic increase and decrease, and saponin accumulation and transfer in different tissues. The expression of key enzyme genes in nine synthetic pathways was detected by real-time PCR, and the correlation between saponin content, gene expression, and ecological factors was analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that in root tissue, PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) and soil water potential had a greater impact on ginsenoside accumulation, while in leaf tissue, temperature and relative humidity had a greater impact on ginsenoside accumulation. The results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the relationship between ecological factors and genetic factors and their impact on the quality of medicinal materials. The results also have guiding significance for realizing the quality of medicinal materials.

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“…Ginsenosides are formed in the cytosol through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway involving more than 20 steps as shown in Figure 1, involving several enzymes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS), squalene synthase (SQE), dammarenediol-II synthase (DS), β-amyrin synthase (AS), cytochrome P450 (CYP450), and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscisic Acid Regulates the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA Reductase Gene Promoter and Ginsenoside Production in Panax quinquefolium Hairy Root Cultures

Kochan

Balcerczak

Szymczyk

et al. 2019

IJMS

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Panax quinquefolium hairy root cultures synthesize triterpenoid saponins named ginsenosides, that have multidirectional pharmacological activity. The first rate-limiting enzyme in the process of their biosynthesis is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR). In this study, a 741 bp fragment of the P. quinquefolium HMGR gene (PqHMGR), consisting of a proximal promoter, 5′UTR (5′ untranslated region) and 5′CDS (coding DNA sequence) was isolated. In silico analysis of an isolated fragment indicated a lack of tandem repeats, miRNA binding sites, and CpG/CpNpG elements. However, the proximal promoter contained potential cis-elements involved in the response to light, salicylic, and abscisic acid (ABA) that was represented by the motif ABRE (TACGTG). The functional significance of ABA on P. quinquefolium HMGR gene expression was evaluated, carrying out quantitative RT-PCR experiments at different ABA concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg·L−1). Additionally, the effect of abscisic acid and its time exposure on biomass and ginsenoside level in Panax quinquefolium hairy root was examined. The saponin content was determined using HPLC. The 28 day elicitation period with 1 mg·L−1 ABA was the most efficient for Rg2 and Re (17.38 and 1.83 times increase, respectively) accumulation; however, the protopanaxadiol derivative content decreased in these conditions.

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Progress on the Studies of the Key Enzymes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis

Cited by 59 publications

References 43 publications

Cloning and functional characterization of the β-amyrin synthase genefrom Bupleurum chinense

Cloning and functional characterization of the β-amyrin synthase genefrom Bupleurum chinense

The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance

Abscisic Acid Regulates the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA Reductase Gene Promoter and Ginsenoside Production in Panax quinquefolium Hairy Root Cultures

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