Progress of Research on Exosomes in the Protection Against Ischemic Brain Injury

Kang, Xianhui; Zuo, Ziyi; Hong, Wandong; Tang, Hongli; Geng, Wujun

doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01149

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Notably, in the MSC-derived exosomes protein component, we identified a high level of mBDNF. Numerous studies showed that exosomes carry different neuronal proteins and that they can cross the blood-brain barrier 89. However, till now, it was not clear whether BDNF was present in the exosomes and the soluble component of CM, and, interestingly, in our experimental condition, we found that both exosomal fractions and soluble CM contains high levels of mBDNF, with exosomes particularly endowed of this neurotrophin.…”

contrasting

confidence: 50%

Neuroprotective effects of human amniotic fluid stem cells-derived secretome in an ischemia/reperfusion model

Castelli

Antonucci

Tessitore

et al. 2020

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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Stem cells offer the basis for the promotion of robust new therapeutic approaches for a variety of human disorders. There are still many limitations to be overcome before clinical therapeutic application, including a better understanding of the mechanism by which stem cell therapies may lead to enhanced recovery. In vitro investigations are necessary to dissect the mechanisms involved and to support the potential development in stem cell-based therapies. In spite of growing interest in human amniotic fluid stem cells, not much is known about the characteristics of their secretome and regarding the potential neuroprotective mechanism in different pathologies, including stroke. To get more insight on amniotic fluid cells therapeutic potential, signal transduction pathways activated by human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs)derived secretome in a stroke in vitro model (ischemia/reperfusion [I/R] model) were investigated by Western blot. Moreover, miRNA expression in the exosomal fraction of the conditioned medium was analyzed. hAFSCs-derived secretome was able to activate prosurvival and anti-apoptotic pathways. MicroRNA analysis in the exosomal component revealed a panel of 16 overexpressed miRNAs involved in the regulation of coherent signaling pathways. In particular, the pathways of relevance in ischemia/reperfusion, such as neurotrophin signaling, and those related to neuroprotection and neuronal cell death, were analyzed. The results obtained strongly point toward the neuroprotective effects of the hAFSCs-conditioned medium in the in vitro stroke model here analyzed. This can be achieved by the modulation and activation of pro-survival processes, at least in part, due to the activity of secreted miRNAs.

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contrasting

confidence: 50%

Neuroprotective effects of human amniotic fluid stem cells-derived secretome in an ischemia/reperfusion model

Castelli

Antonucci

Tessitore

et al. 2020

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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“…Exosomes are widely involved in the regulation of OS [ 48 , 49 ] and pathophysiological regulation of various cells; cellular pathophysiological processes include signal transduction, antigen presentation, and immune response [ 50 , 51 ]. Many of the previously conducted studies attempted to provide a detailed summary of the biogenesis of exosomes [ 52 , 53 , 54 ]. Figure 1 provides an illustration of exosome secretion under OS.…”

Section: Exosome-regulated Os Responses After Myocardial Ischemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia

Liu,

Wang,

Liang

et al. 2021

IJMS

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A thrombus in a coronary artery causes ischemia, which eventually leads to myocardial infarction (MI) if not removed. However, removal generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury that damages the tissue and exacerbates the resulting MI. The mechanism of I/R injury is currently extensively understood. However, supplementation of exogenous antioxidants is ineffective against oxidative stress (OS). Enhancing the ability of endogenous antioxidants may be a more effective way to treat OS, and exosomes may play a role as targeted carriers. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles wrapped in biofilms which contain various complex RNAs and proteins. They are important intermediate carriers of intercellular communication and material exchange. In recent years, diagnosis and treatment with exosomes in cardiovascular diseases have gained considerable attention. Herein, we review the new findings of exosomes in the regulation of OS in coronary heart disease, discuss the possibility of exosomes as carriers for the targeted regulation of endogenous ROS generation, and compare the advantages of exosome therapy with those of stem-cell therapy. Finally, we explore several miRNAs found in exosomes against OS.

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“…Conversely, in normal circumstances EVs are important in tissue homeostasis and organogenesis [ 103 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Interaction In the Biological Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relevant studies show that exosomes produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia have a key role in the protection and repair of brain tissue [ 105 ]. They could protect neurons by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, modulate axon reconstruction and neurogenesis through vascular regeneration, and increase synaptic vesicle release [ 103 ]. For example, microglia-derived EVs can alleviate acute inflammatory responses by converting immature IL-1b into a biologically active molecule; regulate the excitation inhibition balance via the endocannabinoids content; and reduce the levels of amyloid-β, a neurotoxic peptide linked to Alzheimer’s disease [ 106 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Interaction In the Biological Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine

2020

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Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.

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Progress of Research on Exosomes in the Protection Against Ischemic Brain Injury

Cited by 30 publications

References 55 publications

Neuroprotective effects of human amniotic fluid stem cells-derived secretome in an ischemia/reperfusion model

Neuroprotective effects of human amniotic fluid stem cells-derived secretome in an ischemia/reperfusion model

Treatment of Oxidative Stress with Exosomes in Myocardial Ischemia

Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine

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