Progress of Polyaniline Glucose Sensors for Diabetes Mellitus Management Utilizing Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Detection

Abstract

Glucose measurement is a fundamental tool in the daily care of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients and healthcare professionals. While there is an established market for glucose sensors, the rising number of DM cases has promoted intensive research to provide accurate systems for glucose monitoring. Polyaniline (PAni) is a conductive polymer with a linear conjugated backbone with sequences of single C–C and double C=C bonds. This unique structure produces attractive features for the design of sensing systems such as conductivity, biocompatibility, environmental stability, tunable electrochemical properties, and antibacterial activity. PAni-based glucose sensors (PBGS) were actively developed in past years, using either enzymatic or non-enzymatic principles. In these devices, PAni played roles as a conductive material for electron transfer, biocompatible matrix for enzymatic immobilization, or sensitive layer for detection. In this review, we covered the development of PBGS from 2015 to the present, and it is not even exhaustive; it provides an overview of advances and achievements for enzymatic and non-enzymatic PBGB PBGS for self-monitoring and continuous blood glucose monitoring. Additionally, the limitations of PBGB PBGS to advance into robust and stable technology and the challenges associated with their implementation are presented and discussed.

Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Electrochemical Sensor Based on Electrochemically Synthesized PANI/Bimetallic Oxide Composite

“…It is imperative to state that most of the reported glucose electrochemical sensing is based on enzyme-aided processes. Due to the limitations of enzymatic-based detection such as high cost, unstable performance, and complicated procedures, a non-enzymatic procedure such as the one used in the current study is preferred [ 16 ]. Therefore, this study reports a non-enzymatic method, which is easier, cost-effective, straight forward with better analytical performance.…”

“…Their procedure achieved a detection limit of 1.3 µM in the linear range of 100 µM to 10 mM [ 14 ]. However, despite several studies on glucose electrochemical detection, there is a need for improvement of sensor performance in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and response time [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. To address these challenges, this study reports the synthesis of PANI-MnBaO 2 for glucose detection.…”

Brush-like Polyaniline with Optical and Electroactive Properties at Neutral pH and High Temperature

“…The advantage of BL PAni is that the interaction between PAni and PVK provides pH stability due to the π-stacking interaction. Furthermore, it improves and solves the problems presented by PAni-based biosensors [ 59 ].…”

A Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor of Cu@Co-MOF Composite for Glucose Detection with High Sensitivity and Selectivity

“…Their detection performances are seriously influenced by some environmental factors such as room temperature, humidity, pH value, etc [10]. Some limitations are related with enzyme such as enzyme payload, enzyme activity, poor reproducibility and poor stability during process [11]. Totally, enzyme has become a difficulty to some degree in the development and application of enzymatic Glu sensors.…”