Progress in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) coverage and potential contribution to the decline in diarrhea and stunting in Ethiopia

Girma, Meron; Hussein, Alemayehu; Norris, Tom; Genye, Tirsit; Tessema, Masresha; Bossuyt, Anne; Hadis, Mamuye; Zyl, Cornelia van; Goyol, Kitka; Samuel, Aregash

doi:10.1111/mcn.13280

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…However, in SSA, studies on the effects of WASH on child growth are limited [21][22][23][24]. In Ethiopia, scientific evidence explicitly focusing on the relationship between WASH and childhood malnutrition is scarce [10,25,26].…”

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confidence: 99%

Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach

Sahiledengle

Petrucka²,

Kumie³

et al. 2022

BMC Public Health

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Background Undernutrition is a significant public health challenge and one of the leading causes of child mortality in a wide range of developing countries, including Ethiopia. Poor access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities commonly contributes to child growth failure. There is a paucity of information on the interrelationship between WASH and child undernutrition (stunting and wasting). This study aimed to assess the association between WASH and undernutrition among under-five-year-old children in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was undertaken based on the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS) conducted from 2000 to 2016. A total of 33,763 recent live births extracted from the EDHS reports were included in the current analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between WASH and child undernutrition. Relevant factors from EDHS data were identified after extensive literature review. Results The overall prevalences of stunting and wasting were 47.29% [95% CI: (46.75, 47.82%)] and 10.98% [95% CI: (10.65, 11.32%)], respectively. Children from households having unimproved toilet facilities [AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: (1.05,1.39)], practicing open defecation [AOR: 1.29, 95% CI: (1.11,1.51)], and living in households with dirt floors [AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: (1.12,1.57)] were associated with higher odds of being stunted. Children from households having unimproved drinking water sources were significantly less likely to be wasted [AOR: 0.85, 95% CI: (0.76,0.95)] and stunted [AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: (0.83, 0.99)]. We found no statistical differences between improved sanitation, safe disposal of a child’s stool, or improved household flooring and child wasting. Conclusion The present study confirms that the quality of access to sanitation and housing conditions affects child linear growth indicators. Besides, household sources of drinking water did not predict the occurrence of either wasting or stunting. Further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to determine whether individual and joint access to WASH facilities was strongly associated with child stunting and wasting.

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confidence: 99%

Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach

Sahiledengle

Petrucka²,

Kumie³

et al. 2022

BMC Public Health

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“…Pada anak usia 24-59 bulan, praktik buang air besar sembarangan dikaitkan dengan 3% (p-value 0,012<0,05) peningkatan kemungkinan diare. Selain itu, penurunan buang air besar sembarangan dapat menurunkan antara 7% dan 8% kasus diare pada anak usia 0-5 dan 24-59 bulan (26).…”

Section: Hasil Dan Pembahasanunclassified

Hubungan Kualitas Air Konsumsi, Higiene, dan Sanitasi Rumah Tangga dengan Kejadian Stunting (Studi Case Control Pada Balita Stunting di Kabupaten Lumajang)

Amalina

Ratnawati

Bumi

2022

Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan Indonesia

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Latar Belakang: Data Studi Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) tahun 2021 menunjukkan prevalensi Balita stunting di Indonesia sebesar 24,4%. Kabupaten Lumajang urutan ke-4 prevalensi tertinggi stunting sebesar 30,1% di Jawa Timur. Kasus diare juga meningkat dalam 4 tahun terakhir dan merupakan penyebab mortalitas terbanyak pada bayi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan kualitas air konsumsi, higiene, dan sanitasi rumah tangga dengan kejadian stunting di Kabupaten Lumajang.Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain studi kasus-kontrol. Populasi seluruh rumah tangga Balita stunting dan non stunting usia 25-59 bulan di Kabupaten Lumajang. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai Agustus 2022 di Puskesmas Rogotrunan, Tekung, Sumbersari, Gucialit, Padang, Bades, Kedungjajang, Klakah. Pengambilan sampel dengan proportional stratified random sampling menghasilkan 82 responden (masing-masing 41 pada kelompok kasus dan kontrol). Analisis dengan uji bivariat chi-square.Hasil: Balita stunting dengan berat badan kurang memiliki riwayat diare berulang lebih banyak daripada Balita non stunting. Kualitas air konsumsi pada kelompok kasus dan kontrol tidak berbau, tidak berwarna, dan tidak berasa. Praktik BABdi sungai pada kelompok kasus (19,5%) lebih banyak dari kelompok kontrol (4,9%). Analisis bivariat berat badan balita berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting (p-value 0,001, contingency coefficient 0,508) sedangkan kualitas air konsumsi (p-value 1,000), higiene (p-value 0,286), dan sanitasi rumah tangga (p-value 0,196) tidak berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting. Praktik BAB dalam indikator higiene rumah tangga berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian stunting (p value 0,043, contingency coefficient 0,218).Simpulan: Indikator berat badan dan praktik BAB menjadi faktor risiko penyebab diare pada balita stunting usia 25-59 bulan di Kabupaten Lumajang. ABSTRACT Title: Relationship of Consumable Water Quality, Hygiene, and Household Sanitation with Stunting Incidence (Case Control Study on Stunting Toddlers in Lumajang District)Background: : Data from the 2021 Indonesia Nutrition Status Study (SSGI) shows that the prevalence of stunting among children under five in Indonesia is 24.4%. Lumajang Regency ranks 4th with the highest prevalence of stunting at 30.1% in East Java. Cases of diarrhea have also increased in the last 4 years and are the most common cause of infant mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the the quality of drinking water, hygiene, and household sanitation and the incidence of stunting in Lumajang Regency.Method: Quantitative study with a case-control study design. The population of all stunted and non-stunted toddler households aged 25–59 months in Lumajang Regency. The research was carried out from July to August 2022 at the Rogotrunan Health Center in Tekung, Sumbersari, Gucialit, Padang, Bades, Kedungjajang, and Klakah. Sampling by proportional stratified random sampling yielded 82 respondents (41 each in the case and control groups). Analysis with a chi-square bivariate test.Result: Stunted toddlers with low body weight have a higher history of recurrent diarrhea than non-stunted toddlers. The quality of the drinking water in the case and control groups was odorless, colorless, and tasteless. The practice of defecating in the river in the case group (19.5%) was more common than in the control group (4.9%). Bivariate analysis of under-five weight was significantly related to the incidence of stunting (p-value 0.001, contingency coefficient 0.508), while the quality of drinking water (p-value 1.000), hygiene (p-value 0.286), and household sanitation (p-value 0.196) were not related to stunting. The practice of defecation in household hygiene indicators is significantly related to the incidence of stunting (p-value 0.043, contingency coefficient 0.218).Conclusion: Weight indicators and bowel habits are risk factors for causing diarrhea in stunted toddlers aged 25–59 months in Lumajang Regency.

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“…According to the latest data from the Joint Monitoring Program, only 42% of the population had access to essential water services in 2017. 4 A study conducted on the impacts of WASH coverage and potential contribution to the decline in diarrhea and stunting in Ethiopia stated that 4 only 50% of rural and urban households in Ethiopia have access to essential water services (ie, water from an improved source, with collection time not more than 30 minutes round trip), and 6% have access to basic sanitation facilities (ie, an improved facility ie, not shared).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Safety Practices Along the Water Service Chain in Addis Ababa: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Cosmopolitan City

Sisay,

Gari,

Ambelu

2024

Environ�Health�Insights

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This study investigated water safety practices and risk levels along Addis Ababa’s water supply service chain. The data came from 23 random woredas, 384 random households, 115 microbiological water quality tests, and diagnostic inspections from source to point of use. Findings from this study indicate that the surface water sources (53%) and the water source catchments (62%) are characterized by very high-risk and high risk contamination levels respectively. Conversely, the water treatment process (5%) and temporary reservoir (20%) indicates a low risk level. Whereas the water distribution system (40%), water source boreholes (44%), and Household level (29%) water safety practices are identified as medium risk levels. The microbial analysis of the drinking water at the source and point of use indicated low (<11 CFU/100 ml) to high levels (>100 CFU/100 ml) of risk with significant levels of contamination at the household level. Moreover, the household-level water safety practice assessment revealed intermediate to very high levels of risks. The Chi2 test shows that water supply type is significantly associated with occupation(X2(12,384) = 23.44, P < .05) and education(X2(8,384) = 15.4, P < .05). Multinomial regression analysis also showed better occupation is associated with increased access to safe bottled water compared to safe piped water on premises. It can be concluded that the water safety practice encountered low to very high levels of risk of contamination at different components along the water supply service chain and the household level. This study suggests ways to improve Addis Ababa residents’ health and well-being through water safety interventions. These include safeguarding water sources, supporting local safe water businesses, providing household water treatment, and handling options, and addressing the barriers and incentives for adopting safe water practices.

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Progress in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) coverage and potential contribution to the decline in diarrhea and stunting in Ethiopia

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach

Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach

Hubungan Kualitas Air Konsumsi, Higiene, dan Sanitasi Rumah Tangga dengan Kejadian Stunting (Studi Case Control Pada Balita Stunting di Kabupaten Lumajang)

Water Safety Practices Along the Water Service Chain in Addis Ababa: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Cosmopolitan City

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