“…The neural circuits underlying the assignment of valence to environmental stimuli are thought to be highly conserved in the mammalian brain (Janak and Tye, 2015) and are dysfunctional in psychopathologies including anxiety, depression and addiction (Allsop et al, 2014; Etkin and Wager, 2007; Lammel et al, 2014; Mervaala et al, 2000; Tye et al, 2011, 2013). Distributed and interconnected brain structures have been tied to valence coding (Berridge and Robinson, 2003; Namburi et al, 2015a; Nieh et al, 2013), but real-time dynamics within circuits processing valence information during behavioral selection remain largely unexplored.…”