Progress in the Technology of Neuromodulation: The Emperor’s New Clothes?

Spinal Cord Stimulation for Spasticity: Historical Approaches, Current Status, and Future Directions

“…At least 35,000 stimulators are implanted annually , with an estimated medical‐device market size that is roughly $2.0B per year and growing rapidly . To meet the clinical needs of this patient population, many stimulators have been developed and brought to market over the years , such that current implantable devices (i.e., the leads and pulse generators) are largely of mature design. Research in this field now centers primarily on the parameters of the stimulation signals delivered: frequencies, duty cycles, waveforms, and pulsing patterns .…”

Treatment of central pain syndrome with spinal cord stimulation

“…С момента первой имплантации нейростимуляторов с эпидуральными электродами для SCS более 30 лет тому назад опубликовано много работ, подтверждающих высокую эффективность этой технологии в лечении хронических болевых синдромов различной этиологии [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Методика SCS успешно используется в лечении пациентов с синдромом оперированного позвоночника, трудно контролируемой болью вследствие облитерирующего атеросклероза сосудов нижних конечностей [12,13], ишемической болью [14], стенокардией [15], нейропатиями [16,17], хронической висцеральной болью [18], хроническим панкреатитом, постоперационными невромами и посттравматической спленэктомией [19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Intrathecal Therapeutics: Device Design, Access Methods, and Complication Mitigation

“…The last several years have seen a number of new percutaneous epidural electrode arrays and stimulation‐parameter configurations brought to market, along with many others in the product development pipeline, that have and will continue to significantly enhance the standard methods of spinal cord stimulation . The electrode configuration that will offer the most selectivity and support the greatest range of stimulation parameters may prove best , but other considerations such as power consumption , ability to upgrade the implanted stimulator , and ease of use by the patient will also be factors in device recommendations for each clinical case. Sorting through which will work best for any given indication will undoubtedly take time, and include careful evaluations of quality‐of‐life improvement and economic considerations .…”