Progress in the Remote Sensing Monitoring of the Ecological Environment in Mining Areas

Abstract

Based on the results of an extensive literature research, we summarize the research progress of remote sensing monitoring in terms of identifying mining area boundaries and monitoring land use or land cover changes of mining areas. We also analyze the application of remote sensing in monitoring the biodiversity, landscape structure, vegetation change, soil environment, surface runoff conditions, and the atmospheric environment in mining areas and predict the prospects of remote sensing in monitoring the ecological environment in mining areas. Based on the results, the accurate classification of land use or land cover and the accurate extraction of environmental factors are the basis for remote sensing monitoring of the ecological environment in mining areas. In terms of the extraction of ecological factors, vegetation extraction is relatively advanced in contrast to the extraction of animal and microbial data. For the monitoring of environmental conditions of mining areas, sophisticated methods are available to identify pollution levels of vegetation and to accurately monitor soil quality. However, the methods for water and air pollution monitoring in mining areas still need to be improved. These limitations considerably impede the application of remote sensing monitoring in mining areas. The solving of these problems depends on the progress of multi-source remote sensing data and stereoscopic monitoring techniques.

Linking the Remote Sensing of Geodiversity and Traits Relevant to Biodiversity—Part II: Geomorphology, Terrain and Surfaces

“…Remote sensing (RS)-aided derived in monitoring examples in terrain and surfaces, aeolian geomorphology, fluvial geomorphology and coastal geomorphology landslides and their traits. Mountain types, relief types, relief classes IKONOS OSA 3/M , DHM25 3/R , GTOPO30-DEM 3/R , LiDAR 2/L [330][331][332] Volcano types (volcanic full forms),volcanoes, lava flow fields, hydrothermal alteration, geothermal explorations, heat fluxes, volcanoes hazard monitoring Doves-PlanetScop, Terra/Aqua MODIS 3/M , EO-1 ALI 3/M , Landsat-8 OLI 3/M/TIR , Terra ASTER 3/M/TIR , MSG SEVIRI 3/M/TIR , LiDAR 2/L [333][334][335][336][337] Mountain hazards, mass movement (rock fall probability, boulders, denudation, mass erosion, rock decelerations, rotation changes, slope stability, rock shapes, particle shapes, patterns, structures, faults and fractures, holes and depressions) InSAR 3/R , SAR 3/R , LiDAR 2/L , Digital Orthophoto 1/RGB [338][339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347] Landslide chances, landslide evolution Digital Orthophoto 1/RGB [348] Above ground-chances, disturbances Opencast mining, sand mining and extraction, tipping, dumps TanDEM-X 3/R , SRTM DEM 3/R , ALOS PALSAR 3/R , ERS-1 3/R , GeoEye GIS 3/M , WorldView-3 Imager 3/M , IKONOS OSA 3/M , Landsat-5 TM/-7 ETM+/-8 OLI 3/M/TIR , IRS-P6 LISS-III 3/M , High resolution satellite data of Google 3/M , LiDAR 2/L [349][350][351][352][353][354][355] Vegetation traits as proxy of the geochemical parameters HyMAP 2/H [356] Below ground-chances, disturbances Salt mines, fracking ERS-1/-2 3/R , ASAR 3/R , ALOS PALSAR 3/R , Landsat-5 TM/-7 ETM+/-8 OLI 3/M/TIR [113,357] Table 5. Cont.…”

A Multi-Level Output-Based DBN Model for Fine Classification of Complex Geo-Environments Area Using Ziyuan-3 TMS Imagery

“…In general, the land use and land cover (LULC) related to open-pit mining is the key in these complex environment areas. In open-pit mining areas, the land use and land cover (LULC) classification represents an important basis for environmental assessment and protection, as well as ground deformation monitoring [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Owing to issues and challenges related to LULC [ 12 , 13 ] and the wide application of LULC data as the basic input in interdisciplinary studies [ 14 ], LULC has been a popular research target in high-resolution remote sensing techniques [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Analysis on Decoupling between Urbanization Level and Urbanization Quality in China

“…In addition, unreasonable rapid urbanization will also have many negative effects on the ecological environment. For example, rapid urbanization occupies a large number of ecological land [8][9][10], causing water and air pollution [11,12], leading to the reduction of biodiversity (such as the density decrease of bird and vegetation) [13], reducing the service function of the ecosystem [14], and even causing the change of the global food structure [15]. The low quality problem caused by the excessive pursuit of urbanization level intensifies the contradiction between resources, environment and population, which is already severe and fragile.…”