Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development

O’Reilly, Peter; Pant, Dikshya; Shakya, Mila; Basnyat, Buddha; Pollard, Andrew J.

doi:10.1080/14760584.2020.1750375

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Currently, three kinds of typhoid vaccinations are available for use: live oral Ty21a vaccine, parenteral Vi polysaccharide vaccine, and parenteral typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) [ 126 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children aged two to five years old had 80% protection [ 132 ]. The advantages of the Vi vaccine include a low side effect profile and convenience of administration (only one injection) [ 126 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TCVs: The WHO recommends TCVs for use in endemic regions, and they are the preferable vaccination in children as young as six months old [ 135 ]. Some examples of TCVs are Vi-rEPA TCV (Vi conjugated to recombinant exoprotein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), Vi-Tetanus Toxoid TCV (Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid), PedaTyph (Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid), and Typbar TCV (Vi conjugated to tetanus toxoid) [ 126 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Saha¹,

Arisoyin²,

Bollu³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by highly virulent Salmonella enterica serovars: Typhi and Paratyphi. Diagnosis of enteric fever is challenging due to a wide variety of clinical features which overlap with other febrile illnesses. The current diagnostic methods are limited because of the suboptimal sensitivity of conventional tests like blood culture in detecting organisms and the invasive nature of bone marrow culture. It emphasizes the need to develop improved and more reliable diagnostic modalities. The rising rates of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains call for an accurate understanding of the current management of the disease. Proper public health measures and large-scale immunization programs will help reduce the burden of the disease. A comprehensive surveillance system can help detect the chronic carrier state and is crucial in understanding antibiotic susceptibility patterns. We conducted an all-language literature search on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till May 2022. The following search words and medical subject headings (MeSH) were used: "enteric fever," " Salmonella Typhi," "multidrug-resistant Salmonella ," chronic carrier state," " Salmonella detection, "and "typhoid vaccine." We reviewed the literature on clinical features, pathophysiology, new diagnostic tests, and interventions to prevent the disease. This article explores enteric fever and its various clinical features and addresses the emerging threat of multidrug resistance. It focuses on novel methods for diagnosis and prevention strategies, including vaccines and the use of surveillance systems employed across different parts of the world.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Saha¹,

Arisoyin²,

Bollu³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…Antibiotic resistance for S. Typhi is on the rise in several South Asian countries, with nearly 65% of S. Typhi strains in Pakistan being reported as extensively drug-resistant (XDR) between 2012 and 2018 (5,6). Given the high prevalence of typhoid fever, and increasing antimicrobial resistance, effective vaccination campaigns are needed now more than ever (7,8). In 2018, a Vi-conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV), which targets the Vi polysaccharide capsule of S. Typhi, was approved by the WHO, and recently demonstrated clinical efficacy of 81.6% in a field study involving over 20,000 Nepalese children (9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Antibody-Dependent Neutrophil Phagocytosis With Distinct Antibody Glycosylation Profiles Following Typhoid Vaccination

et al. 2021

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Typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccines (Vi-TCV) have been developed to control typhoid fever in children in endemic regions. Previously, in a human challenge model of typhoid, Vi-TCV was administered prior to deliberate ingestion of Salmonella Typhi by healthy adult volunteers in the UK. Vi-specific antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) was associated with protection against enteric fever in this model, but it is not known if ADNP is induced by vaccination of children. We measured ADNP in a cohort of Nepalese children receiving a Vi-TCV in a field study to investigate whether functional antibody responses were also present in children in an endemic setting. Furthermore, we investigated relationships between the functional antibody measures and other properties of the antibody response, including Vi-IgG and IgA titres, and Fc region glycosylation. Antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis significantly increased in children aged 9 months to 15 years between the day of vaccination and 28 days following administration of Vi-TCV (D28). The magnitude of ADNP was also comparable with the levels of ADNP induced by plasma from vaccinated UK adults. Neither IgG nor IgA antibody titres significantly correlated with ADNP scores at D28; however, increased vaccine-induced ADNP was associated with decreased levels of IgG1 sialylation. These data suggest that vaccination with Vi-TCV produces functional antibody responses in children, which associate with specific glycosylation patterns of the Fc region.

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Progress in the overall understanding of typhoid fever: implications for vaccine development

Cited by 2 publications

References 124 publications

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention

Association of Antibody-Dependent Neutrophil Phagocytosis With Distinct Antibody Glycosylation Profiles Following Typhoid Vaccination

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